Poverty Essay

Introduction Poverty is when somebody is not able to afford to buy things about people consider essential or to accede in activities which, similarly are thought to be a minimum requirement of everyday demeanor (Reporting meagreness in UK p15). Absolute poverty is a term used in various distinct ways to denote a poverty level that does not change over time in terms of living standards that it refers to it stays the same even if society is becoming more prosperous.Absolute poverty line and people downstairs this line lack food, shelter, warmth or clothing (Reporting poverty in the UK p73). Most people in the UK live in relevant poverty Peter Townsend a guide authority on UK poverty defines it as when someones resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family that they are in effect excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs duty and activities (Reporting poverty in the UK p 15).There are two main ways to measure friendly inequality thes e are inequality of conditions, and inequality of opportunities. Inequality of conditions refers to the unequal distri moreoverion of income, wealth and material goods housing for example is an inequality of conditions with the homeless and those living in housing projects sitting at the bottom of the hierarchy while those living in multimillion dollar mansions sitting at the top.Look more enigmas of homelessness essayThey keep up been a number of studies commissioned by shelters on the relationship between homeless, use of temporary adjustment and poor health the findings include 78%of homeless households living in temporary accommodation interviewed in one studies had at least one specific health problem, 58% of households said their health had been adversely affected by living in temporary accommodation, 50% of children in temporary accommodation inform psychological and mood disturbance, unsettled sleep pattern, bed wetting and mood swings, one year later on being rehoused 40% of homeless children surveyed in one study were still suffering mental and culture problems (settled housing march 2010), (various studies, referenced in homelessness fact sheet, shelter 2007).Inequality of opportunitiesrefers to the unequal distribution of invigoration chances across individuals, this is reflected in measures such as levels of education, health status, and the treatment by the criminal nicety clay for example fresh upper class males typic altogethery have more opportunities for wealth and success compared to disgrace class non-white males who have a higher chance of landing in the criminal justice system. Racial inequality since 1973 little has changed particularly in the earning gap between white and black males, the sex activity gap has declined since 1970 and the racial gap has remained stable and also the pattern of unemployment, black males earn 60% of what white males earn and they suffer unemployment rates of double the white figure (Hogan and P errucci 2007) (Kerbo 2009,p. 349).Featherman and Hauser (1978) reproduced the racial difference in inheritance of occupation in the original Blau and Duncan (1967) data from 1962 and in their 1973 replication in 1962 only 13.3% of black sons of upper non-manual fathers achieved upper non-manual status this increased to 43. 9% in 1973. Among white males 57% in 1962 and 59% in 1973 inherited upper non-manual occupational (Kerbo, 2009, p. 391-400). Functionalist theories believe that inequality is inevitable and desirable and plays an important form in society. Important positions in society require more training and should receive more rewards, well-disposed inequality and mixer stratification according to this view leads to a meritocracy based ability, Functionalist approach to poverty maintains that all parts of society even poverty contributes in some way or another to the big systems stability (understanding social problems p195).Conflict theories view inequality as resulting from groups, they believe that social inequality prevents and hinders societal progress as those in federal agency repress the powerless people in order to maintain the status quo, positions are important so long as those in power consider them to be significant, conflict theory of poverty argues that stratification is dysfunctional and harmful to society but persists because it benefits the rich and powerful, (Understanding social problems p195). Over the past eleven years 702,000 older people have had to convey their homes or cut into their life savings to render for the cost of their care, in 2006 people over 65 contributed ?380m to the support they receive to stay in their own homes, 75,000 pensioners are paying for nursing care which could be provided free under the NHS. Women pensioners are the majority of people depending on home-care. Thousands of pensioners go without food and heating to pay the cost of home care service and thousands give up the care they need because they cannot afford it (fact complied by women in Dialogue, crossroads womens center 30th may 2009). Many pensioners have low incomes so they become isolated because they cannot afford to do anything and many go without food to pay for heating most of them are lonely and as a result of their situation most die from health problem that is caused by their situation (Bristol. ac. UK 2006).

Barbara Ehrenreich’s Nickel Essay

The Nobel Prize master Milton Friedman was praised by The Economist (2006) as the most influential economic expert of the second half of the 20th degree centigradepossibly of all in all of it. In 1970, he published an essay on the accessible obligation of wrinkle in the New York multiplication Magazine. In his article, he explains in complex detail more than or less the whimsy of loving responsibility of bank linemen within a in bodily environment and their goal to growing salarys.Indeed, at first glance, this quote seems to pose the mentality of many of the spotors in the fiscal sector in our era. Banks and financial institutions ar charge of play affecting unethically and hardly in their self-interest to increase take ins along with brokers and investment bankers who be accused of primarily aiming high incentives and bonuses by sell unconscionably high-default assets. Scholars argued that corporate governance failings and insufficiency of ethical behaviour were signifi nominatet causes of the financial crisis of autumn 2008 (Skypala, 2008).This essay discusses the question whether the above statement do by famous economist Milton Friedman is still relevant in the context of byplay today and to what result it is relating to the financial sector and in severicular to the financial crisis of autumn 2008. In golf-club to address this problem, it is authoritative to discuss the fundamental view behind Friedmans approximation since it studys to be fully silent and interpreted. He stated that the accessible responsibility of business was to maximise pelfs and to piss value for stockholders within the bounds of the law.Furthermore, he thought that employ corporate resources for purely altruistic purposes would be neighborlyism. Moreover, corporations had no kind responsibility separate than to elapse its resources to increase the meshwork of its investors since only investors as idiosyncratics could decide to plight in c ordial contri neverthelessions. Thus, he believed that the corporate executives, who were appointed by investors to make earnests on investments, could non engage in social contributions using the corporate m iodine and only(a)y. As a result, they could only do so as a private individual on their own behalf.Friedman devoted social responsibility to violating the interest of the private instructors employers. In former(a) words, if managers invest in social prudent projects, they provide harm the business since these investments result result in inefficiency and lost production leading to a reduction in shareowners wealth. His vagary and the logic behind it have proven unconvincing to many scholars (Mulligan, 1986 Feldman, 2007 Wilcke, 2004). Indeed, several arguments end be shown which offset his idea. Firstly, his system does not allow for the curtain raising that profits and social responsibility roll in the hay ever exist to stickher.It is needed to consider the c onstraint noted by Jensen (2002) who indicated that it is logically impossible to maximize in more than one dimension at the same time unless the dimensions are monotone trans somaations of one another. This constraint implies that profits and social consummation gagenot be maximized simultaneously. That is why thither is a trade-off between profits and social performance. Still, it does not mean that profit maximization and social performance bay windownot be congruent.In reality, there are many examples which show that both can coexist. Several reasons are to be mentioned here. Nowadays, banks and financial institutions are more aware of their role towards the society since they realize that they are an integral conk out of it. Furthermore, they notice that they can give positively to the environment and society with a positive effect on their reputation, creating a higher sure value. Furthermore, since numerous scandals of firms violating morality and ethics in the late 19 90s and first 2000s (e. g.WorldCom and Enron) the significance of Corporate accessible Responsibility (CSR) is increasing tremendously and included in the business nicety of most of the financial institutions today. The excogitation of CSR inciteor that corporations have ethical and moral responsibilities in addition to their responsibilities to see a fair re hug drug for investors and comply with the law (Munstermann, 2007). So, almost every large corporation is increasingly investing to improve its performance on sustainability assets. Banks and financial institutions k this instant that society is always enlightened when it sees that a firm is engaged in charity and donating projects.While it is true that engagement in social responsible projects, for example donating for orphans of the developing countries means explicitly higher expenses and hence, reducing the profit, it has a long term profit as well. Engagement in donating projects has a positive effect on the reputat ion of firms, thus, affecting positively the consumer behavior of customers who will deprave more products of firm, thus creating profit. Friedman in any case neer considers the very real possibility that companies engaging in social responsible projects gain the support from the community and polity that might, otherwise, eventually turn against them.Nowadays, almost all companies on the job(p) in the financial sector are in some mannikin of way socially engaged. looking at at websites of famous big banks like Deutsche Bank, JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs or Morgan Stanley, one can line up headings of Corporate complaisant Responsibility throughout the pages. Deutsche Bank has its own report on CSR for apiece year which reports engagement in AIDS projects in South Africa and support of education for children in India. JP Morgan describe an annual donation get of $110 million for organization in 33 different countries and Goldman Sachs is actively tough in environmental projec ts.This shows that almost 4 decades after the famous essay of Friedman, companies do not follow his sole idea anymore but are or are forced to act socially responsible. On the other hand, a business should try to make profit since it is inherent in its nature and by translation (except for non-profit organization). According to the moving in Dictionary, a business is an economic system in which depend equal to(p)s and services are change for one another or money. Every business requires some form of investment and a commensurate number of customers to whom its output can be sold at profit on a accordant basis. If a company does not make profit on a consistent and long-term basis, it will face financial distress and bankruptcy. Then, employees and workers will become unemployed which will affect the society negatively. For example, all the employees of banks going bankrupt in the financial crisis like Freddy Mac and scum bag Mae and Lehman Brothers were facing hardship. Henc e, it is true that businesses are to a certain extent socially responsible to make profit in order to picture job security and to create more jobs. This helps the society and improves the economy of the society. only when Friedman does not consider the fact that if companies sole interest would be profit do, they can harm mickle and the surrounding environment. What if firms poison the pee by disposing chemicals in rivers and sea disposing toxic that leads to illnesses and death of animals and human beings? Friedman also fails to argue whether profit-generating actions like selling nuclear bombs to terror organizations, or knowingly manufacturing and selling defective, health-threatening products count as social responsibility as long as the company makes profit.Evidently, in the financial sector there are not activities oft(prenominal) as producing bombs or life-threatening drugs. Even though this sector cannot go life-threatening products, it can create a value chain of u nethical and careless activities that can molest the whole foundation as well. One example is the Asian financial crisis in 1997 where moral hazards were mentioned as a major cause. moralistic hazards are negligent and fraudulent insureds (Baker, 2000). It also refers to situation that tempted otherwise good people.The problem with moral hazards in the Asian financial crisis was that Asian banks thought that they would receive implicit guarantees that they would be bailed out if they encountered financial distress. Hence, these banks and companies were much more speculative in their investments and kept investing increasingly. If the investments fail, they will not have to bear the personify since it will be picked up by the government. They were playing with peoples money and did not act in the social interest of their customers.Instead, they were only focussing on making as much profit as possible. The result is known to everybody In 1997 the nations of East Asia experienced t he trounce economic crisis they have never seen before. Obviously, the latest and most discussed topic on morality in the devil recent years has been the blameworthiness of shareholders and banks along with board directors for failings that led to the financial crisis of 2008. On the one hand, the crisis can be blamed on owe brokers, investment bankers and banks executives. Skewed incentives and greed contributed too much of the crisis.For example, owe brokers generate sub-prime mortgages but were give regardless of the outcome. That is why they were selling unscrupulously assets with high default gamble to clueless customers in order to receive high commissions. Not to mention Wall Street Executives who were focus solely on how to increase their bonuses and remuneration packages. Also, Banks who took on these mortgages were accused of shoddy risk management and unethical behaviour, since they knew from the beginning that these subprime mortgages would eventually be securiti zed and removed from the banks balance sheet.Again, the originating banks got paid up scarer for processing the mortgages without having to retain part of the risk. Another factor is the misleading ratings of financial instruments credit agencies that were by far-off from independent. Arrangers of the secured assets were allowed to manipulate the creation of secured assets by mixing good assets with high risk assets to the point of getting a triple A-rating. If they did not get this rating, the assets were withdrawn, reconfigured and resubmitted.Since agencies are owned by banks, they were subjected to give best ratings to these dangerous assets and mortgage brokers knowing the risky idea behind those assets sold them to unsuspecting investors. According to Friedman, every party involved in the actions mentioned above showed social responsibility since they did not care around their social responsibility to the world but only about maximizing their profits. Evidently, the afterma th of the American financial crisis has shown that the social responsibility of business is definitely not only to increase their profits.If banks, brokers and lenders, accountants, the government and important financial organization did not wrong assessed or even snub the magnitude of the risks mentioned above, if managers and investment bankers were not greedy and showed herd investment behavior, it can be argued that the crisis could have been retained. and the various parties acted immorally and socially irresponsible not caring about the social consequences of their actions. Consequently, the Asian crisis of 1997 and the world-wide financial crisis of 2008 are two memorable examples that offset Friedmans idea.In conclusion, this paper has shown that Friedmans predication of being socially responsible by focusing solely on increasing profits is immediately theoretically not accepted by banks and financial institutions. In contrast, in the 21st century social responsible c orresponds to the alignment of business operations with social and ethical values. It is seen as the key to beat the opponent and to ensure sustainable growth. But the latest financial crisis has shown that even though CSR is part of the business purification of the large corporations, the key players in the large corporations do not work out social responsibility in a proper elan.It seems that CSR and corporate governance are a compilation of words and rules that adds only smallish value to the everyday businesses. Money has made everybody blind. Everybody wanted to have a piece of the big bar leading them to lower their inhibition threshold. The social responsibility of businesses should not be increasing profit but focusing on what it really means in practice to uphold stewardship. As a field of fact, banks and financial institutions first need to show social and ethical manner in order to prevent another disaster like the financial crisis of 2008.All in all, businesses need to focus on environmental and social issues in the arena of corporate responsibility since the society expects and demands responsibility of organizations. In fact, the law expects it as well. Banks and financial institutions are challenged after the aftermath of the financial crisis they have to find a way how to act in the best interest of stakeholders, society, the government and the environment, still being able to make sustainable profit. It is now a request from the society.? References Baker, T. (2000). Insuring Morality. Business Dictionary. Definition of business. Homepage http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/business. html 1. 2. 2010. Feldman, G. (2007). move Uncle Milton Friedman To Bed Reexamining Milton Friedmans prove on the hearty Responsibility of Business. Labor Studies Journal (32), 125-141. Jensen, M. C. (2002). Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. Business Ethics Quarterly, 2002 (12), 404-437.Milton Fried man, a giant among economist. The Economist. Verfugbar unter http//www. economist. com/business/displaystory. cfm? story_id=8313925 28. 1. 2010. Mulligan, T. (1986). A Critique of Milton Friedmans Essay The Social Responsibility of Business Is to adjoin Its Profits. Journal of Business Ethics (5), 265-269. Munstermann, T. (2007). Corporate Social Responsibility Gabler. Skypala, P. (2008, 17. November). Time to reward good corporate governance. Financial Times, S. 6. 28. 1. 2010. Wilcke, R. W. (2004).An Appropriate Ethical Model for Business and a Critique of Milton Friedmans Thesis. The autarkical Review (2), 187-209. The Nobel Prize winner Milton Friedman was praised by The Economist (2006) as the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th centurypossibly of all of it. In 1970, he published an essay on the social responsibility of business in the New York Times Magazine. In his article, he explains in complex detail about the notion of social responsibility of bus iness community within a corporate environment and their goal to increase profits.Indeed, at first glance, this quote seems to capture the mentality of many of the actors in the financial sector in our era. Banks and financial institutions are accused of acting unethically and only in their self-interest to increase profits along with brokers and investment bankers who are accused of primarily aiming high incentives and bonuses by selling unconscionably high-default assets. Scholars argued that corporate governance failings and lack of ethical behaviour were evidentiary causes of the financial crisis of autumn 2008 (Skypala, 2008).This essay discusses the question whether the above statement made by famous economist Milton Friedman is still relevant in the context of business today and to what extent it is relating to the financial sector and in particular to the financial crisis of autumn 2008. In order to address this problem, it is important to discuss the fundamental view behin d Friedmans idea since it needs to be fully understood and interpreted. He stated that the social responsibility of business was to maximize profits and to create value for stockholders within the bounds of the law.Furthermore, he thought that using corporate resources for purely altruistic purposes would be socialism. Moreover, corporations had no social responsibility other than to spend its resources to increase the profits of its investors since only investors as individuals could decide to engage in social contributions. Thus, he believed that the corporate executives, who were appointed by investors to make profits on investments, could not engage in social contributions using the corporate money. As a result, they could only do so as a private individual on their own behalf.Friedman devoted social responsibility to violating the interest of the managers employers. In other words, if managers invest in social responsible projects, they will harm the business since these invest ments will result in inefficiency and lost production leading to a reduction in shareholders wealth. His idea and the logic behind it have proven unconvincing to many scholars (Mulligan, 1986 Feldman, 2007 Wilcke, 2004). Indeed, several arguments can be shown which offset his idea. Firstly, his theory does not allow for the possibility that profits and social responsibility can ever exist together.It is necessary to consider the constraint noted by Jensen (2002) who indicated that it is logically impossible to maximize in more than one dimension at the same time unless the dimensions are monotone transformations of one another. This constraint implies that profits and social performance cannot be maximized simultaneously. That is why there is a trade-off between profits and social performance. Still, it does not mean that profit maximization and social performance cannot be congruent.In reality, there are many examples which show that both can coexist. Several reasons are to be ment ioned here. Nowadays, banks and financial institutions are more aware of their role towards the society since they realize that they are an integral part of it. Furthermore, they notice that they can contribute positively to the environment and society with a positive effect on their reputation, creating a higher firm value. Furthermore, since numerous scandals of firms violating morality and ethics in the late 1990s and early 2000s (e. g.WorldCom and Enron) the significance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is increasing tremendously and included in the business culture of most of the financial institutions today. The concept of CSR means that corporations have ethical and moral responsibilities in addition to their responsibilities to earn a fair replication for investors and comply with the law (Munstermann, 2007). So, almost every large corporation is increasingly investing to improve its performance on sustainability assets. Banks and financial institutions know that so ciety is always enlightened when it sees that a firm is engaged in charity and donating projects.While it is true that engagement in social responsible projects, for example donating for orphans of the developing countries means explicitly higher expenses and hence, reducing the profit, it has a long term profit as well. Engagement in donating projects has a positive effect on the reputation of firms, thus, affecting positively the consumer behavior of customers who will buy more products of firm, thus creating profit. Friedman also never considers the very real possibility that companies engaging in social responsible projects gain the support from the community and polity that might, otherwise, eventually turn against them.Nowadays, almost all companies working in the financial sector are in some kind of way socially engaged. Looking at websites of famous big banks like Deutsche Bank, JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs or Morgan Stanley, one can find headings of Corporate Social Responsibil ity throughout the pages. Deutsche Bank has its own report on CSR for each year which reports engagement in AIDS projects in South Africa and support of education for children in India. JP Morgan reported an annual donation amount of $110 million for organization in 33 different countries and Goldman Sachs is actively involved in environmental projects.This shows that almost 4 decades after the famous essay of Friedman, companies do not follow his sole idea anymore but are or are forced to act socially responsible. On the other hand, a business should try to make profit since it is inherent in its nature and by definition (except for non-profit organization). According to the Business Dictionary, a business is an economic system in which goods and services are exchanged for one another or money. Every business requires some form of investment and a sufficient number of customers to whom its output can be sold at profit on a consistent basis. If a company does not make profit on a consistent and long-term basis, it will face financial distress and bankruptcy. Then, employees and workers will become unemployed which will affect the society negatively. For example, all the employees of banks going bankrupt in the financial crisis like Freddy Mac and Fanny Mae and Lehman Brothers were facing hardship. Hence, it is true that businesses are to a certain extent socially responsible to make profit in order to ensure job security and to create more jobs. This helps the society and improves the economy of the society.But Friedman does not consider the fact that if companies sole interest would be profit making, they can harm people and the surrounding environment. What if firms poison the water by disposing chemicals in rivers and sea disposing toxic that leads to illnesses and death of animals and human beings? Friedman also fails to argue whether profit-generating actions like selling nuclear bombs to terror organizations, or knowingly manufacturing and selling def ective, health-threatening products count as social responsibility as long as the company makes profit.Evidently, in the financial sector there are not activities such as producing bombs or life-threatening drugs. Even though this sector cannot produce life-threatening products, it can create a value chain of unethical and careless activities that can damage the whole world as well. One example is the Asian financial crisis in 1997 where moral hazards were mentioned as a major cause. Moral hazards are negligent and fraudulent insureds (Baker, 2000). It also refers to situation that tempted otherwise good people.The problem with moral hazards in the Asian financial crisis was that Asian banks thought that they would receive implicit guarantees that they would be bailed out if they encountered financial distress. Hence, these banks and companies were much more speculative in their investments and kept investing increasingly. If the investments fail, they will not have to bear the cost since it will be picked up by the government. They were playing with peoples money and did not act in the social interest of their customers.Instead, they were only focussing on making as much profit as possible. The result is known to everybody In 1997 the nations of East Asia experienced the worst economic crisis they have never seen before. Obviously, the latest and most discussed topic on morality in the two recent years has been the culpability of shareholders and banks along with board directors for failings that led to the financial crisis of 2008. On the one hand, the crisis can be blamed on mortgage brokers, investment bankers and banks executives. Skewed incentives and greed contributed too much of the crisis.For example, mortgage brokers generate sub-prime mortgages but were paid regardless of the outcome. That is why they were selling unscrupulously assets with high default risk to clueless customers in order to receive high commissions. Not to mention Wall Street Execu tives who were focusing solely on how to increase their bonuses and remuneration packages. Also, Banks who took on these mortgages were accused of shoddy risk management and unethical behaviour, since they knew from the beginning that these subprime mortgages would eventually be securitized and removed from the banks balance sheet.Again, the originating banks got paid up front for processing the mortgages without having to retain part of the risk. Another factor is the misleading ratings of financial instruments credit agencies that were by far from independent. Arrangers of the secured assets were allowed to manipulate the creation of secured assets by mixing good assets with high risk assets to the point of getting a triple A-rating. If they did not get this rating, the assets were withdrawn, reconfigured and resubmitted.Since agencies are owned by banks, they were subjected to give best ratings to these dangerous assets and mortgage brokers knowing the risky idea behind those ass ets sold them to unsuspecting investors. According to Friedman, every party involved in the actions mentioned above showed social responsibility since they did not care about their social responsibility to the world but only about maximizing their profits. Evidently, the aftermath of the American financial crisis has shown that the social responsibility of business is definitely not only to increase their profits.If banks, brokers and lenders, accountants, the government and important financial organization did not incorrectly assessed or even ignored the magnitude of the risks mentioned above, if managers and investment bankers were not greedy and showed herd investment behavior, it can be argued that the crisis could have been prevented. But the various parties acted immorally and socially irresponsible not caring about the social consequences of their actions. Consequently, the Asian crisis of 1997 and the global financial crisis of 2008 are two memorable examples that offset Fri edmans idea.In conclusion, this paper has shown that Friedmans request of being socially responsible by focusing solely on increasing profits is nowadays theoretically not accepted by banks and financial institutions. In contrast, in the 21st century social responsible corresponds to the alignment of business operations with social and ethical values. It is seen as the key to beat the competitor and to ensure sustainable growth. But the latest financial crisis has shown that even though CSR is part of the business culture of the large corporations, the key players in the large corporations do not practice social responsibility in a proper manner.It seems that CSR and corporate governance are a compilation of words and rules that adds only little value to the everyday businesses. Money has made everybody blind. Everybody wanted to have a piece of the big cake leading them to lower their inhibition threshold. The social responsibility of businesses should not be increasing profit but focusing on what it really means in practice to encourage stewardship. As a matter of fact, banks and financial institutions first need to show social and ethical manner in order to prevent another disaster like the financial crisis of 2008.All in all, businesses need to focus on environmental and social issues in the arena of corporate responsibility since the society expects and demands responsibility of organizations. In fact, the law expects it as well. Banks and financial institutions are challenged after the aftermath of the financial crisis they have to find a way how to act in the best interest of stakeholders, society, the government and the environment, still being able to make sustainable profit. It is now a request from the society. ?References Baker, T. (2000). Insuring Morality.Business Dictionary. Definition of business. Homepage http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/business. html 1. 2. 2010. Feldman, G. (2007). Putting Uncle Milton Friedman To Bed Reexamini ng Milton Friedmans Essay on the Social Responsibility of Business. Labor Studies Journal (32), 125-141. Jensen, M. C. (2002). Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. Business Ethics Quarterly, 2002 (12), 404-437. Milton Friedman, a giant among economist. The Economist. Verfugbar unter http//www. economist.com/business/displaystory. cfm? story_id=8313925 28. 1. 2010. Mulligan, T. (1986). A Critique of Milton Friedmans Essay The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits. Journal of Business Ethics (5), 265-269. Munstermann, T. (2007). Corporate Social Responsibility Gabler. Skypala, P. (2008, 17. November). Time to reward good corporate governance. Financial Times, S. 6. 28. 1. 2010. Wilcke, R. W. (2004). An Appropriate Ethical Model for Business and a Critique of Milton Friedmans Thesis. The Independent Review (2), 187-209.

Christianity Essay

Followers of Jesus, a Jewish man, started a new religion, Christianity. Christianity started to grow during the Pax Romana, a catamenia of peace in Rome. The Pax Romana lasted from 27 B. C. E to 180 C. E. and during it government improved, literature prospered, engineering improved, and laws formed. The peace during the Pax Romana provided a time for Christianity to travel. Christianity distribute rapidly and successfully in the 1st through 3rd centuries because it appealed to m any(prenominal) people, missionaries could good travel and spread the marrow, and because of the events taking place in Rome.The Christian put across, a universal heart and soul, appealed to many people. In the Sermon on the Mount, the and full sermon existing from Jesus, a section called The Beatitudes lists all of the blessed people. Jesus blessed the oppressed, the hungry, the merciful, the peacemakers, and the pure in heart in his sermon. The Christian message of hope appealed to those out of pow er and suffering under the rule of the Roman authority, because the Christian message gave people hope and a thought of salvation.The Sermon on the Mount, given by Jesus, encompasses the Christian message of hope. In addition because of the simplicity and directness of the Christian message, people could easily catch on to the message. In addition to those suppressed by the Roman government, Christianity also appealed to gentiles, non-Jews. Paul, a missionary, preached Christianity to the gentiles and compromised with them. Originally following the strict rules much(prenominal) as circumcision and eating Kosher showed to be a roadblock to the gentiles.Paul and Peter argued over whether or not the gentiles should have to follow these rules, and Paul won, so the gentiles that converted to Christianity did not have to adhere to any rules of dress, eating Kosher, or being circumcised. This allowed for Christianity to appeal to the gentiles. Christianity also appealed to widows. In Roma n Civilization those that had been widowed had a low place in the social hierarchy and people looked down on them. However, in Christianity widows were honour and called brides of Christ.The charity work that the Christians did also made Christianity an appealing religion. Christians set up hospitals for the poor and homeless. Hospitals gave the homeless a place to become comfortable before they died. In addition to the charity work that Christians did, Christianity emphasized peace, love, and brotherhood, which appealed to some. In the 1st-3rd centuries C. E. the message of Christianity could also be spread quite easily passim the Roman Empire. The 200,000 miles of roads built in Rome helped Christianity spread throughout the entire empire.The roads allowed for missionaries to travel throughout the empire easily so that they could spread and preach Christianity. The Pax Romana, a period of peace, also allowed for the roads to be riskless for the missionaries to travel and sprea d the word without the fear of being attacked. The many different cities helped spread Christianity rapidly because of the gravid amount of people in a small area. In addition Christianity could catch on immediate and reach more people. Missionaries also had an easy time getting across the message because of the use of only twain wordss.In the eastern half of the Roman Empire the people mainly spoke interlanguage Greek, and in the western portion of the Roman Empire the people mostly spoke Latin. Because no language barrier existed, missionaries could spread Christianity with fewer difficulties. The events taking place in Rome helped the Christian message to spread rapidly and successfully. The old Roman religions started losing their vitality setting the stage for new beliefs and giving way to the rise of Christianity. Unlike other cults, like the cult of Isis or Mithras, Christianity was freer and setable.The loosely organized internal structure of Christianity allowed for Ch ristianity to adapt to people. The persecution of Christians led to the organization of Christian ideas and thoughts. The persecution of the first Christians led to the idea that the ideas of Christianity should be written down and organized. The two groups of Christians, the Apostolics and the Gnostics, had similar but different postures on Christianity. Irenaeus, an Apostolic Christian, wrote the first book of the Christian Church call Against the Heresies.Irenaeus thought that the Gnostics did not represent the true teachings of Jesus, and that the Apostolic Christians represented the teachings of Jesus more than the Gnostics. The Apostolic view of Christianity became the mainstream Christian view and people recorded the Apostolic ideas in the Bible. The persecution on Christians led to the spread of the message of what the Christians died for. Christianity spread due to many factors including roads, missionaries, and the honoring of widows.The timing of the rise of Christianit y helped Christianity spread and rise rapidly and successfully. The period of peace in Rome, the Pax Romana, helped Christianity flourish. Christianity at this time grew as older Roman religions started to decline, missionaries preached Christianity to many people, and the Christian message of hope gave hope to those who needed it. These factors along with the rise of Christianity during the Pax Romana helped Christianity spread and continue throughout the Byzantine Empire and beyond.

Hrm 531 Performance Plan

?Feedback & slaying Improvement gross revenue Team leave al angiotensin-converting enzyme be given feedback in three formats 1. Weekly gross revenue Quota bailiwick 2. Monthly Customer Service Report 3. Quarterly gross revenue Associate Performance Report Employees will have the prospect to set up a meeting with the development manager to spirt on any atomic number 18a that received a score of requires progress. This will be ready(prenominal) weekly for Sales Quota Reports, monthly for Customer Service Reports and quarterly for Performance Reports.Employees receiving scores above requires improvement will also be able to set up meetings with the fosterage coach-and-four after all requires improvement meetings have been completed. We believe the ability to meet with the training manager will allow all gross gross gross revenue associates to reach higher levels of performance. Training Manager may set up subsequent meetings with Sales Managers and Sales Customer Service Manager if additional on-the-job training is required. Promotions and Educational OpportunitiesWhen open positions become available in the Sales lead Team members of the Sales Team will be given the opportunity to submit applications and resumes for the available position. Remaining members of the Sales lead Team and elderly solicitude will therefore conduct interviews of the top three Sales Associates considered for the position. If a member of the Sales Associate Team is non chosen to fill the open position then the job will be flown to the public. Educational Opportunities are available to all Sales Associates.If a Sales Associate would like to attend a multitude style training (1-5 day training) approval will be required by the Sales Leadership Team. If a Sales Associate would like to receive a bachelor or masters grade and would like partial tuition support from EnviroTech approval will be required from the Sales Leadership Team and the Senior Management Team. Family Su pport We at EnviroTech realize that you have a family outside of persist for this reason the following programs are offered Family Medical Leave ActFMLA requires covered employers to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave to eligible employees for certain family and medical reasons. Employees are eligible if they have stimulateed for their employer for at least one year, and for 1,250 hours over the previous 12 months, and if there are at least 50 employees within 75 miles. The FMLA permits employees to take leave on an intermittent basis or to work a reduced plan under certain circumstances. If you feel you may have a situation that may qualify for clip under the FMLA please contact Human Resources as soon as possible.Sick Time / face-to-face Time Sick Time or Personal Time may be used for situations pertaining to the employee or members of their immediate family (spouse, partner, children, or parents) Parental Educational Support Employees may take off up to 20 hours a year of unpaid time off to attend parent conferences, school meetings, or tender time. Employees immediate supervisor must be informed at least one week prior to this requested time off. Leadership Team Adaptation for Sales Leadership Team Members for go advancementJim Martin, Vice President of Sales Jim Martin currently has a bachelors degree and has express a desire to go back to school for his Masters in Business Administration. The Senior Management Team has concur to pay half of Jims tuition since this is related to his current position. Shane Huck, Sales Manager Shane has requested to attend the Covey Leadership Great Leaders, Great Teams, Great Results (3-Day Workshop) all members have agreed that this training will facilitate with the training of the Sales Associates so it has been approved. tomcat Gonzalez, Sales Manager Tom currently feels that the Train the Trainer program is enough to handle at the moment. He has been mentoring some sales associates and feel s that his home life is suffering due to extended work hours. He may be choosing to work a flex week of 4 ten hour days to support both the sales team and his home life. This has been approved by Senior Management. Susan Burnt, Sales Customer Manager Susan is currently mentoring more sales associates in customer management.She is currently being given a mentoring stipend because of her dedication to these associates. Ving Hsu, Training / Product Educator Manager Ving has requested The tolerate Group training. EnviroTech has sent sales staff to The Brooks Group training in the past and feel that the return of investment was positive. Ving has also been cross training with the sales manager and customer service manager so he can assist the sales associates more fully. Conclusion and Budget The current budget for this plan is zero dollars.The trainings are allocated under a special training budget and must be approved by the Leadership Team and Senior Management Team. This plan is ex pected to be effective because of the prior buy-in by members of the Leadership Team and Sales Associates. The benefits for this plan are expected to be higher job satisfaction, higher customer satisfaction, and a deeper understanding of company policies and procedures. The return of investment for this project is expected to be shown in a higher book of account of sales and customer retention.

E COMMERCE LAW Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E COMMERCE LAW - Coursework eccentricPp. 194)Section 5 of the English Civil Evidence Act of 1995 stipulates instances when electronic evidence is admissible. It states in a civil suit, a statement, which is obtained from a document generated by a computer, shall be considered as evidence of whatsoever facts contained therein of which direct oral evidence would carry much weight, if it was shown that some conditions are met in coition to the statement and computer under consideration. Subsection 2 gives the conditions that are to be satisfied (Friedman, 2005. Pp. 63). unrivalled of the conditions to be satisfied is that the document having the statement has had to be produced during times over which the computer was used to gunstock the information for the purposes of the tasks that are frequently carried on over that time by an individual or a corporate body. Another condition is that, over time, there was regular supply to the computer, information that is similar of the descri ptor found in the statement or of the type from which the content is derived. Additionally, and throughout the material time, the computer moldiness have been in proper operation, or if not, that its in-operation at the time was incapable of affecting the production of the denomination or the accuracy of what is contained in the document. The last condition stipulates that the information that is contained in the statement is derived from the data supplied to the pc in the ordinary cause of those activities (Hedley, 2006. Pp. 22).The scoop out evidence rule provides that he who wants to produce evidence in a court of law must Endeavour to give the court the original evidence or the best evidence to assist the court to come up with the best legal conclusion. In Garton vs. hunting watch (1969) and Springsteen vs. Masquerade Music Limited (2001) EWCA Civil case number 563, both Lord Denning and Parker LJ agree that the best evidence rule of admissibility has been overtaken by time. Parker LJ in his judgment points out that the

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Wk5 Progress a Assign. INTL304 - Assignment Example step and signatures apprehension is a form of material sampling news program collection which detects, locates and explains those characteristics which are possessed by the target objects. The data which is collected from these objects is then translated into understandable target characteristics. It is used to avail needed intelligence to commander all through the spectrum of operations so as to give them a full understanding. edged study which is to be later processed is to be collected through materials acquisition intelligence collection. A number of sources can be used to collect this important data. Signals intelligence is the first source whereby interception of signals surrounded by people is done. This is done by the topic Security Agency which collects processes and reports the signal intelligence. Imagery intelligence is in like manner collected from visual photography and radars sensors by the National Geospatial I ntelligence Agency. The central Measurement and Signature intelligence organization identifies and describes the characteristics of specific targets through use of scientific and technical intelligence. To collect intelligence from human sources, the primaeval Intelligence Agency, Department of State and the FBI are used. Intelligence is also collected from the publicly available information such as print and mass media by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service and the National Air and space Intelligence center. Lastly, the information available in the imagery and geospatial data is collected by the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency1.With increase in nuclear attacks threats, there is a change in subscribe for innovation of technologies, which can identify the origin of a detonated nuclear weapon. The tool, which carries out this particular task, has the capability of hive away and identifying the radioisotopes

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics - Essay ExampleWhen decisions be made that result in the right consequences, then that is honorable when decisions are made which result in the wrong consequences, then that is acting corruptly (Pollock, 2011). The term deontology draws from the Greek speech for duty and science of logos. In contemporary ethical viewpoint, deontology is unmatchable of those types of normative theories concerning which decisions are ethically required, prohibited, or permitted. In other(a) terms, deontology descends at heart the sphere of moral premises that lead and review our decisions of what we must do (deontic hypotheses), in distinction to aretaic celibacy theories) that at least show and assess what type of soulfulness we are and must be and within that sphere, deontologists those who pledge to deontological hypotheses of morality stand contrary to consequentialists. There are several inherent problems with using one or the other types of ethics in the sense that each type of ethi cs focuses on different parameters as a way of find out ethical standard. Whereas the Teleological ethical systems focuses on the outcomes of consequences of decisions in determining whether they are ethical or not, deontological ethics, on the other hand, focus on the aspect of ethical requirements regarding what should be done and what should not be done. Therefore, the two ethical systems are different in application owe to their ethical bases and orientations. 2. What are some types of conduct that may be legal, but unethical? Advertising claims that exit mislead people into buying a product or believing something about the product which is on-key is unethical though there are no legal constraints over such behavior (Samuelson & Beatty, 2010). In essence, marketing and advertising are areas which are legally recognized though their activities border on immoral actions, which compromise the values of business. Through marketing, the customer is made to believe certain things about the product that may not be true that is legal but immoral. The act of betraying a trusted companion or colleague is not illegal yet unethical in the sense that it goes against the values of fairness and benignant dignity. Basically, betrayal is not out integrityed, and the legality finds no offense in such acts yet on the concrete basis betrayal is inherently immoral and unacceptable as behavior and goes against values. Through betrayal, a person creates unnecessary agony and suffering to the other person or people and violates their right to dignity among other rights making the act unethical. Engaging a competitor or colleague in lengthy negotiations regarding a merger or joint venture when in reality there are no plans of doing so or simply for the sake of collecting information is unethical. Such conduct is unethical because it does not count on well with the other party and is aimed at collecting information to be used against the other partner in a competitive man ner. However, such actions are perfectly legal and recognized by law as not being against the established statutes. 3. The American model of judicial selection vs. the civil law model of judicial selection. What are some ethical issues that may impact one system or the other, or both systems, for judicial selection or appointment? There are some ethical issues that may impact one system or the other, or both systems, for judicial selection or appointment (the American model of judicial selection and the civil law mod