My Grandmother Essay -- English Literature

My GrandmotherThis poem explores the relationship between the vocalizer and hergrandmother. It focuses on the remorse and vice she felt - andperhaps does still feel - about the way she behaved towards her on oneoccasion, and can be seen as an attempt to exorcise this.The poem is separate into four parts the first stanza describes hergrandmother working in the shop the second the incident which causesher guilt the third stanza shows her in retirement. In the finalstanza, later her grandmother has died, the speaker reflects onherself and her grandmothers life.The first stanza sets the scene - the antique shop reflects thecharacter and life of the grandmother. The words it kept her suggestthat it seems, to the speaker, her only reason for upkeep thegrandmothers concern is with surface appearance (polish was all)not with deep human feelings (there was no need of love). Hersolitariness is suggested in the fact that it is only her ownreflection she sees reflected in the antiques it is these she livesamong, not people. The antiques themselves create an oppressiveatmosphere - they are faded and heavy in this stanza, and in thefinal stanza the tall/ Sideboards and cupboards in the long, narrowroom take on the air of coffins. Even the sounds of the words thespeaker uses contribute - the sibilants in the brass/ Salvers and silverbowls are unwelcoming to the reader, and perhaps betray herdisapproving attitude to the shop.But to the grandmother the antiques have great importance. They areneeded, though never used - they are a substitute for humancompany, a replacement for love. She takes pride in her possession ofthem the speakers wish not to be used/... ... presuppose that the women is treating thegirl identical she was an antiqueIt was perhaps I opine a wish not to be usedlike antique objects ....In stanza three I think that you can see all the memories actuallybeing revealed to the grandchildAll her best things in one tong narrow roomIt gives us the sense that af ter she had passed aside now the guilt isjust kicking in and the old womens life has just began to open.In the very stand up stanza I think that the very last chapter in the oldwomens life is beginning to come to an end. Nothing is left in memoryof her..and no finger marks were thereI think that now her life is over and that her family have beenexcluded, their lives have had a fundamental change and new dust hadjust began to settle over the rather dust-covered possessions she seemd tovalue over her children and grandchildren.

Jd Salinger Essay -- essays research papers

Salinger, J(erome) D(avid) (1919- ), American novelist and little story writer, known for his stories dealing with the intellectual and emotional struggles of adolescents who are alienated from the empty, materialistic world of their parents. Salingers work is marked by a profound sense of craftsmanship, a keen ear for dialogue, and a deep awareness of the frustrations of life in America after World state of war II (1939-1945).Jerome David Salinger was born and raised in New York City. He began write fiction as a teenager. After graduating from the Valley Forge Military academy in 1936, he began studies at several colleges in the New York City area, but he took no degree. He did, however, take a fiction writing class with Whit Burnett, an editor of Story magazine, who encouraged Salinger and brought out his first published story, "The Young Folks" (1940). Over the next several years Salinger contributed short stories to popular magazines such as Colliers, Esquire, and Th e Saturday Evening Post, continuing to produce work even while serving in combat during World War II as a staff sergeant in the United States Army from 1942 to 1946. After returning to civilian life, Salinger continued to achieve success with his short stories, umpteen of which were drawn from his war experiences. During the late 1940s he published work in Mademoiselle, Cosmopolitan, and The New Yorker. At the age of 31, Salinger gained a major place in American fiction with the publication of his only...

Conflict Between Church and Government Involving Thomas Becket and Henry II :: essays research papers

In Medieval England the Church was all powerful. The fear of going to Hell was very real and people were told that solo the Catholic Church could save your soul so that you could go to Heaven. The head of the Catholic Church was the pope based in Rome. The most important smudge in the church in Medieval England was the Archbishop of Canterbury and two he and the king usually worked together. A king of England could not remove a pope from his fix but popes claimed that they could remove a king by excommunicating him - this meant that the kings soul was condemned to Hell and people then had the right to disobey the king.For people in England , there was always the real problem - do you obey the king or the pope ? In fact, this was rarely a problem as both kings and popes tended to act together as both wanted to remain powerful. On two occasions they fell come forward - one involved the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, and the another(prenominal) heat content VIII.In 1 162, Henry II, king of England, appointed Thomas Becket, as Archbishop of Canterbury. This was the most important religious bunk in England. No-one was surprised by Henrys choice as both he and Thomas were very good friends. They enjoyed hunting, playing jokes and socialising together. Becket was known to be a lover of wine-coloured and a good horse rider. Henry II loved to ride as well but his personality was troubled by his fearsome temper. He try to keep his temper under control by working very hard as it distracted him from things that might sparked off his temper.Henry II also controlled a lot of France at this time. William the Conqueror had been his great-grandfather and he had inherited his French territories as a result of this. When Henry was in France sorting out problems there, he left Becket in charge of England - such was his trust in him. Becket became Henrys chancellor - the most important position in England later the king.When the Archbishop of Canterbury died in 1162, Henry saw the chance to give his close friend even more power by appointing him Archbishop of Canterbury - the most important church position in England. Why would Henry do this ?In Henrys reign, the Church had its own courts and any member of the Church could decide to be tried in a Church court rather than a royal court.

American Legion :: Essays Papers

American LegionThe American Legion A Right To Membership asylumThe United States Congress guideed the American Legion in 1919. Its purpose was to benefit veterans and their families, promote Americanism and serve the greater good of communities nationwide. First welcomed to membership were veterans locomote home from the battlefields of Europe. But over the years, Congress amended the Legions charter so as to include those who had served in World War II, Korea and more(prenominal) recent conflicts. Ineligible for American Legion membership, however, remain the many men and women who had answered our nations call while American military forces were not actively engaging an enemy of the United States. Serving with valor and distinction, these members of the armed forces sustain guarded Americas shores and protected the nations strategic assets at U.S. military bases across the world. They have been on the front lines of American efforts to mediate conflicts between warring factions in Europe, Asia and Africa. And they, too, have been prime targets for armed aggressors, terrorist attacks and saboteurs. The question is have these veterans not earned the right to membership in the American Legion as well?This essay seeks to explore whether the American Legions charter should be amended so as to better reflect our nations appreciation for those who serve in times of war and peace. Indeed, it is an issue do all the more cogent today With increasing numbers of young Americans rejecting the armed forces as a career option, recruitment goals are not being met and the military is being forced to lower its entrance requirements. If this trend is not soon reversed, the U.S. military could be perceived as incapable of implementing our nations strategic policies abroad -- a perception that can only encourage the most aggressive ambitions of other nations. A Resource for VeteransIn seeking to even up whether the American Legion should open its doors to no n-wartime veterans, we must begin with a look at the organization itself its mission, its outreach programs and, above all, the benefits todays Legion is able to tolerate for a worldwide membership now approaching three million men and women. Meeting in Paris some five months after the truce of November 1918, delegates from combat and service units of the American Expeditionary Force resolved to found an organization that would protect the interests of veterans through the years that followed.

Depiction of Latinos in 20th Century Film Essay -- Latino Portrayal Fi

Depiction of Latinos in 20th Century FilmGraphs Not Included Over the course of this past century, the depictions of assimilated Latino characters has ameliorate a great deal. Early portrayals of Latino assimilation generally proved to be a montage of unrealistic caricatures which seemed to convey the subscribe tomakers creativity much(prenominal) so than true representations. This formed the manner in which the American people at large viewed not just Latino characters attempting to assimilate, but also those who were not. As Cine-Aztlan puts it, film manipulates the human psychology, sociology, religion, and morality of the people, in a word the ideological super-structure of modern capitalist society (pg.275, Chicanos and Film). As the years went by however, mainly because Latinos started gaining power in the film industry and depicting (as opposed to creating) Latino characters, the images of Latinos who were adapting (either by choice or by societal force) to the lifes tyle and values of the United States, grew more and more representative of what was actually taking place outside of the film studios. Today, most portrayals of assimilated Latinos are fairly accurate. The forces to which their modification is portrayed are not so much representative of middle-class White America however, but rather that of Urban Hip-Hop culture. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Rex Ingram. 1921) provides us with an inaccurate portrayal of an assimilated Latino character. original and foremost, it is important to note that Julio Desnoyers (the Latino character in question) is played by Rudolph Valentino, a non-Latino. This in itself makes him seem un-Latino to the Hispanic audience. Also, Julio represented the prototypical Latin caramel during t... ...e growing power of Latinos in the film industry. Latino producers such as Joseph Vasquez have made many films (such as Hangin? with the Homeboys and Manhattan Merengue) which show Latinos in a truer light. Als o, since round of today?s hottest movie stars are Latino, big time producers cannot ignore the influence which they bring to the studio. Leguizamo, Antoni Banderas, and Jeniffer Lopez are just three examples of the growing number of Latins whose appeal and presence in the film industry can help the overall cause of Latino representation, whether it be assimilated depictions or wholly heathen ones. It is important to recognize that American society recognize that there are indeed differences between U.S. Latins and Latins in their respective(prenominal) countries. In order to do this both must be portrayed in popular film. GRAPH

Depiction of Latinos in 20th Century Film Essay -- Latino Portrayal Fi

Depiction of Latinos in 20th Century FilmGraphs Not Included Over the course of this past century, the depictions of assimilated Latino characters has improved a great deal. Early portrayals of Latino assimilation generally proved to be a montage of unrealistic caricatures which seemed to convey the filmmakers creativity much so than true representations. This formed the manner in which the American people at large viewed not just Latino characters attempting to assimilate, but also those who were not. As Cine-Aztlan puts it, film manipulates the human psychology, sociology, religion, and morality of the people, in a word the ideological super-structure of modern capitalist society (pg.275, Chicanos and Film). As the years went by however, mainly because Latinos started gaining big businessman in the film industry and depicting (as opposed to creating) Latino characters, the images of Latinos who were adapting (either by choice or by societal force) to the lifestyle and val ues of the United States, grew more than and more representative of what was actually taking place outside of the film studios. Today, most portrayals of assimilated Latinos are fairly accurate. The forces to which their modification is portrayed are not so much representative of middle-class White America however, but rather that of Urban Hip-Hop culture. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Rex Ingram. 1921) provides us with an inaccurate portrayal of an assimilated Latino character. First and foremost, it is important to note that Julio Desnoyers (the Latino character in question) is played by Rudolph Valentino, a non-Latino. This in itself makes him seem un-Latino to the Hispanic audience. Also, Julio represented the prototypical Latin Lover during t... ...e growing power of Latinos in the film industry. Latino producers such as Joseph Vasquez have made many films (such as Hangin? with the Homeboys and Manhattan Merengue) which show Latinos in a truer light. Also, since some of today?s hottest movie stars are Latino, big time producers cannot ignore the influence which they bring to the studio. Leguizamo, Antoni Banderas, and Jeniffer Lopez are just three examples of the growing payoff of latins whose appeal and presence in the film industry can help the overall cause of Latino representation, whether it be assimilated depictions or totally cultural ones. It is important to recognize that American society recognize that there are indeed differences between U.S. Latins and Latins in their respective countries. In order to do this both must be portrayed in popular film. GRAPH

Problems In Nigeria Essay

INTRODUCTIONThat Africa was a cultural wasteland, until the Europeans sowed the seeds of civilization on her cultural barren shores amounts to no coating in this geographical entity inhabit by great skunk until the Europeans brought them the way of life. It is tempting to want to be subjective rather than being objective in discussing this topic, but bearing in soul that the Europeans be as rational as the Afri roll in the hays, one cannot but try to detach self from e very sentiment in order to appraise and get under ones skin out with substantial arguments with regards to the subject matter.Africa is of the genuines of the world where Homo sapiens inhabit. It has been a stage upon which the drama of gentle development and cultural differentiation has been acted since the beginning of register. Yet, no continent has suffered mistreatment misunderstanding misrepresentation misinterpretation and take been misreported either in great deals conversation or on the mass media. The African continent has been described as synonymous to famine, drought, barbarism, great deals without culture until the Europeans in their magnanimity brought civilization to them. These amongst some others argon the opinions of many Eurocentric thinkers and ideologists. Yet, the fact remains, that the African like the European micturate eyes, hands, organs, affections and passions laughs when tickled angry when provoked searches for food and security reasons and judges.Like the Europeans can be murderous, hypocritical, rude, polite, selfish and loving so is an African capable. In whatever ways, the African as well as the Europeans are subject to the same laws of nature. It stirs equivocation in attempting to place superiority of one over the other. Thus, this work shall but, try to clarify the abstract terms in the topic of debate as well as provide be incurs to the pertinent questions there in What is ending? What is Civilization? Had Africa any culture or civilization before her interaction with the Europeans? What are the seeds of civilization sown by the Europeans? To what extent do these seeds pay the African? From factsgathered, the work shall evaluate and cajole a conclusion.THE CONCEPTS OF CULTURE AND CIVILIZATIONIn his work, African Culture and Civilization, S. A. Ajayi presents culture as the established pattern of behaviour among a people that embraces every saying of a mans life and experiences. He refers to culture as a perceived way of life or the totality of all human efforts and achievements in bid to struggle to survive the prevalent opposing forces of nature. Culture comprises all about mans ideas, behaviours and products. It finds expression in a peoples language, philosophies, institutions, arts, architecture amongst others. In fact, while everything created by God is nature, everything made by man is culture. However, many people from varying backgrounds have viewed culture differently. In the Western world, culture is limit ed to ideas, values, and attitudes. While Africans view it as the preserved traditions or ways of life of the forbearers and ancestors. This therefore is responsible for the reason why people tend to equate some aspects of culture of a people such as traditional dances and music, arts objects, traditional institutions, rites of passage such as marriage, birth, initiation, inhumation and the likes to mean the totality of culture.Technically spea mightiness, Edward Burnett Tylor employs culture and civilization as complement of each other. According to him, Culture and civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic hotshot, is the composite whole which includes knowledge, dogma, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Having observed the various definitions of culture, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural geological formation (UNESCO) in 2002, defined culture as a set of distinctive spiritual, mater ial, intellectual and emotional features of a society or a social group, encompassing, in addition to art and literature, ways of living unneurotic, value systems, traditions and beliefs. And culture vary from one people to another, as such it is relative across peoples and places.Therefore, it would be remote to practice session the culture of one people as a standard to judging another. A peoples culture develops, and this development makes up the peoples civilization and taradiddle. Civilization is an on-going process as man continues in his bid to conquer and control his immediate environment for aesthetic, cultural, apparitional,social, economic, and political advancement. In a nutshell, civilization refers to the social advancement that occurs in a given society be it in terms of technological advancement, progressive changes in folkways, education, leisure, family life, customs, beliefs, and more.CULTURAL take up OF AFRICA BEFORE EUROPEAN CIVILIZATIONJ. E. Casely-Hayfor d, (1922), an African (Gold Coast) Nationalist said of Africa that Before even the British came into relations with our people, we were a developed (cultured) people, having our own institutions, having our own ideas of establishment Casely means to say that Africans did not need to encounter the Europeans before developing their culture. To say a people that lived for several millennia as recorded in books of history had not the way of life amounts to suspicion. Africa is occupied by many distinct human populations of a great complexity of cultures. They and their history, culture and civilization are inseparable. This is because their history is the record of what they did, thought and said and their culture and civilization are the totality of ideas, concepts and values that characterized their societies. The indigenous peoples of Africa are culturally diverse as evident in the variations in the elements of culture across Africa.However, there are some common elements in the cor e African values. Like all societies experience, Africa is no different that the take aim of civilization across the continent differs. Twenty five (25) centuries ago Egypt was capable of producing wealth in abundance because of mastery of many scientific natural laws and interference of technology to irrigate, grow, food, and extract minerals from the subsoil while other parts of Africa employed bows, wooden clubs in their exploration. The reason why civilization was uneven amongst peoples when leftover on their own can partly be dependent upon the environment in which they evolved, and the superstructure of the human society. This implies that as humans battled the material environment, they created forms of social relations, forms of government, patterns of behaviour and systems of belief which together constituted the superstructure which was never exactly the same in any two societies.However, there existed interaction between the elements of the superstructure. For instance , the political and religious patterns affected each other and were often entwined. Whenever we try to discuss pre-EuropeanAfrican past, many concern themselves to knowing about the existence of African civilizations. This flows from an attempt to make comparisons with European civilization. This however is not the context in which to evaluate the so-called civilization of Europe.The activities of the European capitalists from the period of slavery through colonialism, fascism and genocidal wars in Asia and Africa instigate suspicion to attach to the use of the word civilization. Western racism which became more pronounced in the 19th and early 20th centuries came to promote the prior unfamiliar predisposition in which the peoples of the Western world saw civilization as their liquid ecstasy feat and equated to it entirely mean the Western culture. To them any way of life other than theirs amounted to godforsaken or at best semi-civilized life.EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN AFRICA AN AB STRACT OF ITS CULTURAL SEEDSThe 19th century witnessed most colonization of Africa by various European powers. It was apparently to bring enlightenment to the dark continent. Over a century has passed by it seems to Africans that colonialism amounts to material exploitation, cultural expropriation and anthropological insolvency. It is obvious today that Africans have benefited indeed from the cultural seeds of European civilization for they speak their languages, wear their clothes, bear their kind of names, drive in automobiles made by them, and drink their champagnes. These benefits otherwise know as cultural seeds of European civilization have brought upon the African, gross ego distortion he is stripped of his self confidence. In fact, he has been dehumanized. Ngugi Wa Thiongo says the cumulative effect of the experience of slavery and colonialism is tantamount to a cultural bomb. The effect of this cultural bomb is to annihilate a peoples belief in their names, in their languag e, in their heritage of struggle, in their unity, in their capacities and ultimately in themselves.Furthermore, to corroborate the position of Ngugi Wa, an American Journalist writes of the African experience The colonialists left behind some schools and roads, some post offices and bureaucrats. But the cruelest legacy on the African continent was a lingering inferiority complex, a confused sense of identity. After all, when people are told for a century that theyre not as clever or capable as their masters they eventually trigger off to believe it. In the wordsof an African renowned author and poet, Chinua Achebe in his magnum opus Things Fall Apart (1959), Achebe says the white man has indeed put a knife on the things that held Africans together and they have fallen apart.In his contribution in the work edited by Byron William (1982), Eileen Egans Refugees The Uprooting of People as a Cause of Hunger, Egan says much of the post-colonial history of the continent of Africa could be recorded in the calligraphy of agony traced by refugees as they crossed and re-crossed upstart frontiers. The nations which sprang up at the wake of the scramble for Africa were heir to colonial errors in drawing borders. The borders carved out in faraway Berlin, cut across tribal, religious and linguistic groupings and also joined groups harbouring immemorial enmities. This is a major cause of civil wars and hostilities which have occurred in such countries as Nigeria, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Guinea, Zaire, Uganda, Chad, Sudan and Somalia. The greater numbers of refugees in Africa come from some of these countries.EVALUATIONHaving expounded the concepts of culture and civilization and its evidence in human societies, it then becomes palpable that prejudice and perhaps ignorance of what culture entails, predicated the derogatory self-reliance against Africa. It may also not be far from fact that for a people to hold that Africa had no civilization until their contact with t he Europeans could be as a result of their lack of knowledge of the African continent with her cultural wealth. The assertion made by early European explorers, that Africa was a jungle until her contact with Europeans can be said to be unsubstantiated. Even before the birth of Christ, the Noks in Nigeria were already casting iron and producing terra-cotta. Trans-Sahara trade was already on when William the Conqueror control England. It is worthy of note, that several historians of Africa have it that when the first of all Europeans reached Benin in the fifteenth century many years before Columbus set off for the Americas, they found a highly organized kingdom with a disciplined army, an elaborate ceremonial court, and artisans whose work in ivory, bronze, wood and brass is prized throughout the world today for its craftiness and beauty, one that is comparable to what was then found in Europe .How then can a people without culture be organized and creative?The answer is looming in the air as evident in the quote by Walter Rodney (2005). He presents the description by the Dutch visitors to Benin, thus The town seems to be very great. When you enter into it, you go into a great broad street, not paved, which seems to be seven or eight times broader than the Warmoes Street in Amsterdam The kings palace is a collection of buildings which occupy as much space as the town of Harlem, and which is enclosed with walls.There are numerous apartments for the Princes ministers and fine galleries, most of which are as big as those on the Exchange at Amsterdam. They are supported by wooden pillars encased with copper, where their victories are depicted, and which are carefully kept clean. The town is composed of thirty main streets, very straight and 120 feet wide apart from infinity of small run into streets. The houses are close to one another, arranged in good order. These people are in no way inferior to the Dutch as regards cleanliness they serve and scrub their hou se so well that they are polished and shining like a looking glassIn the spirit of objectivity, unless the Eurocentric minds have a different meaning yet to be conceptualized of culture and civilization though, or are able to establish the foundation that these terms are exclusive militia of the Europeans, their assertion of Africa remains a defamation.CONCLUSIONThis work has tried to conceptualize civilization and culture it did not find these concepts as exclusive reserves of a particular people or race. It therefore leaves one in a puzzle why supposed elites such as David Hume, A. P. northward, Harry Johnson, Margaret Perham, Trevor rope-maker and others would view Africa as no good until her contact with Europe. Harry Johnson opines that before the arrival of Europeans, tribal Africans were barbarous people who had never advanced beyond the first step of civilization.If these elites have knowledge of history, the experience of the Dutch visitors to Benin in the 15th century wou ld have put right their thinking. In my opinion, if there is anything the Europeans arrival brought, it unquestionably could not have been cultivating a virgin African land with the seeds of European civilization. It perhaps could be the sowing of darnel in the vibrant plantation of Africa cultural heritage.Scholars are not intellectual fraudsters. For anyone to qualify to be a scholar, he must separate himself from all emotional sentiments, free himself of all prejudice, racial injustice and deal squarely and be unbiased in dealing with a subject matter. On this basis, one may begin to wonder whether world acclaimed elites as David Hume, Trevor Ropers, A. P. Newton and others can be referred to as scholars. And for many academic loyalists who do not read between lines ideas presented in books or propagated through other means, here is a clarion call to retrace the right path employing the apparatus of objectivity so as not to be caught in the celebration of falsehood.BIBLIOGRAPHYA jayi, S. Ademola. ed. (2005). African Culture and Civilization, Ibadan Atlantis Books. Byron, William ed. (1982). The Causes of World Hunger, New York Paulist Press. Ehusani, George O. (1991). An Afro-Christian Vision OZOVEHE Toward A More Humanized World, New York University Press of America. Lamb, David (1986). The Africans Encounters from the Sudan to the Cape, London The Bodley Head Press. Ngugi Wa, T. O. (1986). Decolonizing the Mind, London James Curray Press. Rodney, Walter (2005). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Abuja Panaf Publishing, Inc.

What is the meaning of the Ninth Commandment?

The basic premise behind the one-ninth commandment is truth, whether it is truth in deed, sincere speech or honest thoughts. If we subscribe the meaning of the commandment further and interpret the words to mean that a psyche should non lie, then we crowd out understand better how this commandment dexterity impact our daily life, especially in todays modern environment where deception, and white lies appear to be condoned by our western hostel. The ninth commandment requires for each individual to be honest in his or her transactions with separates, but analysis of the term deceitfulness reveals that at that place is more to beingness straightforward than accurate reporting.The Oxford Modern English vocabulary (1996) defines truth as being the quality or state of being true or dead on target (p. 1114) and dependable as habitually telling the truth (p.1114). By comparison the definition of the term lying in the kindred dictionary is listed as part of a liedeceitful, false (p.595) where Lie is described as an intentionally false statement (p. 573). From these interpretations it is motiveless to reach the conclusion that the definition of both truth and lying is steeped more in the intention of the individual rather than individual acts or words spoken.Brevard Childs (1974) believed that the original idea behind the ninth commandment was a legal one, rather than an ethical one, in that he translated the original text to mean that a individual should not tell lies in a court of rectitude (Childs, 1974), however the more modern viewpoint on the meaning of the commandment appears to be related to individual accountability and a desire to live a life of truth (St. John in the Wilderness, 2001, online).There are many different ways a person can lie including withholding the truth, slandering other person or action, or telling white lies and despite ethical discussions to the contrary all of these actions are considered un open from a biblical per spective. For practice in Leviticus 1911, we are told, you shall not steal, you shall not deal falsely, and you will not lie to one another (NRSV). Later in the same chapter we are again told, you shall not go around as a slanderer among your tidy sum(Leviticus 1916). These are just two of the copious number of biblical references that can be found that encourage each individual to be a truthful person, but how relevant is this truth in modern society?Terence Fretheim (1991) interpreted the ninth commandment to convey a foundation for community and social living. He wrote, unless there is an arena in which there is unexclusive confidence that social populace will be reliably described and reported (Fretheim, p.848), the concept of community could not exist. Blatnik (2004) corroborates that idea and goes on to say, there is no community on the typeface of public lies (p.3). Blatnik (2004) also mentions verses in Ephesians that point towards the idea that we are bound to each o ther in a way that a lie in one place, a lie at one level, a lie by one person, is like a ripple in a kitty the whole pond is ultimately affected (p.3).Walter Brueggemann (1994) wrote in his book that the ninth commandment is a recognition that community life is not possible unless there is an arena in which there is public confidence that social reality will be reliably described and reported (p.26). He believed that not unless was truth an important part of a just and fair legal system, but that truth should be evident in all forms of public interaction. For example the modern idea that skewing the truth in the advertisement of products in mass media forums is an accepted part of society, but essentially if public truth cannot reflect public reality then an important part of society is undermined and we as members of this society tend, over time, to distrust the messages we get from mass media sources.In his book Commandments of Compassion, Keenan (1999) suggest that as a socie ty we need to create a space where truth can be told (p.4). He believes that truth should be evident in ad hominem relationships, family relationships and public dealings we have with other members of our community. Unfortunately this level of truth can exclusively be created if all members of society were totally honest with each other and as it is not possible for us as human beings, to read the thoughts of another person, it is often difficult to tell if a person we are dealing with has the same commitment towards living a truthful life as we ourselves would like to have.John Timmerman (1997) also wrote about how to be truthful in all of our relationships, both personal and public. He emphasized the different ways we as individuals could achieve this level of truthfulness and suggested that if we were careful in the words we spoke so that we did not give another person the wrong impression, and combined this with attentive listening to another person, then these actions could i ncrease our own individual ability to be truthful at all times. Timmerman also noted that the idea of promises were almost a sacred act, in that as we believe in the promises from God, so we should ensure that we wholly make promises we can keep (Timmerman, 1997).According to John Ritenbaugh (1997) lying is rife in our communities. His article mentions surveys that show that students lie to their parents about 50% of the time, that people in personal relationships lie about 30 percent of the time to their partner, while 12% of four million Americans in the job market had lost their jobs because they had misleading tuition on their resumes (Ritenbaugh, 1997). He suggested that the reason lying was so prevalent in our society was because we tend to use other terms for lying, such as exaggerating or inaccuracy to describe the untruths.We seem as a society to accept that politicians are up to no good, that a salesman is probably putting us on and that magnanimous corporations must be doing something illegal because they make so much money. The fact that these beliefs have permeated our social fabric to such a degree that these thoughts are familiar shows just how little truth we expect from others in our daily lives. This fact alone would suggest that because we do not expect others to tell us the truth, we power be less likely to be truthful ourselves. It would seem that much of society is based on the idea that everyone else is doing it so therefore we can absolve ourselves of being accountable and honest in our own dealings with others.The Bible gives us countless examples of what it means to be truthful. Deuteronomy 324 says He is the rock, His sue is perfect for all His ways are justice, a God of truth and without injustice righteous and upright is He (NSRV). The teachings from Jesus also contain ideas on how to be truthful, especially in terms of the role model he became for other people. Jesus was an example of a person who lived by his words on a dai ly basis, and it is through his example that we can see what changes we might need to put in place in our own lives, to be a better and more truthful person.A Christian student goes to a Christian college with the expectation that the people who share the campus with them are going to live by the same standards as themselves. One of these expectation is that the other students, the tutors and even the administration staff of the college will all want to abide by the ten commandments and sometimes it can be bit of a shock to us to find that not only are there countless people in general society that fail to live by the commandments on a daily basis, but that some of the people in the college are also failing to live by the high standards set by Jesus Christ.However, it is my personal opinion that when it comes to attendance at a Christian educational institution that rather than condemn or alienate those students who might lie to us, or fail the commandments in some way or another, t hat we need to be forgiving and use the positive Christian influence of the college to help understand wherefore some people find it difficult to be truthful in voice and deed and encourage these people back onto a Christian path in life. We need to heed the words by Keenan (1999) mentioned earlier that we need to create the space where a person can feel comfortable enough to tell the truth.One of the main reasons people lie to others is based on their own fear of being judged by another person. Most of us feel the need to make a good impression on others, so we feel we are not doing any accidental injury by just omitting a few pertinent facts, or telling a few white lies to make ourselves appear better in a public light. Although the intention behind these actions may not be malicious, any form of untruth is a lie, and the only way we can be truthful people, and keep the ninth commandment is to be totally honest in all our dealings, both personal and professional.As students we a re all well aware of how easy it is to be tempted to appear better in the way we behave, especially among our peers (Christian and non-Christian), but as Christians we are also aware of how important it is for us to live by higher standards than other non-Christian people might be prepared to live. We need to remember that we are all sinners in some way or another, which is why I think that it is so important, when we do become aware that one of our Christian classmates is having problems being honest in their dealings, that we help rather than condemn him. For example one of our classmates might be telling white lies to his parents because his grades are not as high as they should be.Even though we all learn the importance of being truthful in all of our thoughts, words and actions, it is not our place to ignore or shun that failing student it is not our place to judge him. quite we should help him in spiritual ways by look ating scriptures that are appropriate for the situation , and in practical ways by offering to help him study harder so that he is able to get a grade he can be proud of. Blatnik (2004) told us that just one lie by one individual in a community can affect the whole community, but if we as Christian individuals hold fast to our own truths then through the power of prayer and understanding we can help our fellow students stay true to the teachings of Jesus Christ.The ninth commandment tells us we should not sustain false witness against our neighbour what it is asking us to do is to make truth the foundation for our lives here on earth. Only when we are completely truthful in all of our dealings with other people around us can we have an honest relationship with God, and that fact applies to all of us, not only as Christians, not only as college students, but also as members of the human race.ReferencesBlatnik, D.J., (2004). The Ninth Commandment. Second Presbyterian Church Sermons, accessed online at http//www.2prelex.org/S040418.htm Oc tober 2, 2005Brueggemann, W., (1994). The Book of Exodus, in The parvenue Interpreters Bible, Vol. 1. Nashville Abingdon PressChilds, B.S., (1974). The book of Exodus A critical, theological commentary. Louisville Westminster Press.Fretheim, T.E., (1991). Exodus Interpretation, a Bible commentary for teaching and preaching, Louisville John Knox Press.Keenan, J.F., (1999). Commandments of Compassion. Franklin, WI S.J. Sheed & WardOxford Modern Dictionary (Second Edition), (1996), New York Oxford University Press.Ritenbaugh, J.W., (December 1997). The Ninth Commandment, Forerunner, Personal. Charlotte, NC Church of the Great GodSt. John in the Wilderness online (2001). The Ten Commandments 9. You shall not answer against your neighbor as a false witness. Accessed at http//www.stjohnadulted.org October 2 2005.Timmerman, J.H., (1997). Do we still need the Ten Commandments? A fresh look at Gods Laws of Love. Minneapolis Augsburg

LGUs Warned For Late Class Suspension Announcement Essay

MANILA, Philippines Malacaang told topical anaesthetic government units (LGUs) that the novel announcement of class geological fault in some neighborhoods on Tuesday should be the last time it should happen, reminding LGUs of their responsibility to announce class suspension as azoic as possible. Deputy presidential spokesperson Abigail Valte in addition asked the normal to be more patient with LGUs because of the new system that transferred to the LGUs the responsibility of ordering the suspension of classes which was previously the function of the Department of Education (DepEd)We argon giving them a less(prenominal)er more time to cope with the new system and we hope that this will be the last time, Valte said.She said it would be up to the Department of Interior and topical anesthetic Government (DILG) to impose sanctions on LGUs that failed to announce class suspension on time during inclement abide. According to Valte, local governments should make the announcement a s early as 430 a.m. We will be asking for a little bit of your patience because it is a new system and our LGUs would also exigency to get used to that system, but again we would like to remind them as well as a reminder from the DILG that the responsibility of suspending classes in your locality is today with your local chief executives, she said. Valte said the responsibility of announcing class suspension was given to the local governments because the DepEd, which used to announce the suspension of classes, also gets information from LGUs whether or non to agree class suspension in their respective argonas.Valte said they had noticed the numerous complaints aired by the public in various media outfits on the late class suspension yesterday. She said DILG Secretary Jesse Robredo has vowed to remind LGUs of the new protocol.Valte said President Aquino is continuing to monitor the weather and flood situation, particularly in tubing manila and nearby areas. Classes were hang u p in most parts of the metropolis yesterday due(p) to heavy rains which caused flooding in major thoroughfares. Valte, however, said there was no suspension of work in government offices.Based on the DepEd Order, Signal No. 1 will permit the suspension of classes in public and private pre-school and kindergarten classes in the unnatural areas while Signal No. 2 altogetherows for the suspension of elemental and secondary classes. At Signal No. 3, classes in all take aims are outhousecelled. LGU officials are supposed to announce cancellation of classes not later than 430 a.m. for whole-day cancellation and 11 a.m. for good afternoon class suspension. Meanwhile, two dams in Luzon reached their critical water level due to continuous intense rains over the watershed areas yesterday, the state weather bureau said.Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) hydrologist guck Peralta said one spillway gate of Ipo dam in Norzagaray, Bulaca n had been releasing excess water since yesterday morning. As of 11 a.m. yesterday, Ipo Dams level reached 100.75 meters, or 0.11 meters lower than its spilling level of 100.86 meters. Before 10 a.m., two gates were opened. Only one gate remains opened due to less rains over the area, Peralta said Water released from the Ipo dam is at 48 cubic meters per second. This is quite minimal and may not flood the downriver communities near the Angat River, he explained. Likewise, water level in La Mesa Dam in Quezon City remained critical at 79.52 meters, as of 11 a.m. yesterday.This was 0.63 meters on the spur of the moment of the 80.15-meter spilling level Dam authorities have already issued a red alert for possible flash floods among communities near the Tullahan River. Communities that may likely be affected by flooding are Fairview, Forest Hills, Quirino Highway, Papri, Goodwill, Sta. Quiteria, and San Bartolome in Quezon City, Barangay Ligon a pine North Luzon Expressway in Valenzue la and Malabon.We have enter continuous rains over the watershed area until Tuesday noon. From 12 noon last Monday to 12 noon on Tuesday, 108 mm rains have been recorded, which is considered intense rains, Peralta said. Meanwhile in Malolos, Bulacan, Liz Mungcal, Provincial Disaster Risk simplification Management Office (PDRRMO) chief, reported to Bulacan regulator Wilhelmino M. Sy-Alvarado, that at around 7 a.m. yesterday, the Ipo dam began releasing water at 109 cms per second.Mungcal said as a result the Bustos Dam released 120 cms at around 9 am. Also yesterday, adding that this amount of water released was safe and tolerable and would not be felt by the community. PAGASA-Weather Branch assistant chief Rene Patient said weak to moderate rains will continue to affect Western Luzon today, Wednesday. Rains will be scattered and light to moderate as the low pressure area (LPA) continues to move away from the country. Improving weather condition can be transmited this Wednesday b ut Bataan, Zambales, Cavite, Mindoro, Batangas, and electron tube Manila will still experience scattered rains, Paciente explained. We have experienced moderate to heavy rains early morning on Tuesday until the afternoon, but we can expect that light to moderate rains will prevail on Tuesday evening.Rains will continue to subside until Wednesday, he added. The LPA was estimated based on satellite and surface data at 60 km northwest of Ambulong, Batangas or 50 km west-southwest of Manila yesterday morning.Paciente pointed out that the heavy rains were caused by the LPA, packing more rains than winds. Because it does not have enough wind to enhance the southwest monsoon, it was just the LPA that brought rains over Luzon, he pointed out.He cited that from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m. yesterday, rain monitoring stations recorded the highest pelting in Infanta, Quezon at 48 mm, followed by San Jose, Mindoro (42 mm), Casiguran, Aurora (39 mm), Tanay, Rizal (25 mm), Science Garden in Quezon City (2 1 mm), and Baler, Aurora (20 mm).He said rains measuring 7.5 mm or higher up is considered heavy rains. A yellow warning signal was issued in thermionic vacuum tube Manila on Tuesday that alerts authorities and residents of continuous light rains.The Quezon City government also suspended classes in the afternoon in the grade school and high school levels of some(prenominal) private and public schools. Greg Banacia, chief of the citys human beings Affairs and Information Service Office (Paiso), said that the city government has coordinated closely with the Division of City Schools and the 142 barangay disaster risk reduction coordination military commission in recommending the suspension of classes throughout the city. However, some parents raised howls of protest, complaining that the city government and the barangay officials should have made the announcement much earlier. With the announcement being issued in the afternoon, the parents said their children would now have to wa de on flooded streets and faced the risk of being afflicted with flu and similar diseases.The rains were strong from 12 a.m. to 8 a.m. Classes should have been suspended the whole day. Now our children are soaking wet and may get sick, one of the parents complained. Another parent who was passing by Quirino principal(a) School in the citys third district said she decided to let her four schoolchildren go home because of the strong rains and flooded streets. I do not require to take the risk what with all the news of live electric wires falling onto innocent passers-by and having them electrocuted. I do not want that to happen to my children, the parent said. Yesterdays heavy rains also forced the cancellation of six domestics escapism. The Media Affairs Division (MAD) of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport recorded three turn-around flight services out of Manila because of the weather disturbance, as of 12 noon yesterday the MAD had recorded flight cancellations between Manila and Naga City as well as Manila and Busuanga in Palawan.The management of Cebu Pacific cancelled a turn-around flight between Manila and Naga and a flight between Manila and Busuanga. At the same time, Air Philippines also cancelled a turn-around flight between Manila and Naga, with both airline companies citing bad weather as the cause of the cancellations. Meanwhile, the Department of Health (DoH) warned against the possible upsurge of leptospirosis as floods inundated parts of thermionic vacuum tube Manila yesterday. Leptospirosis is an illness brought about by sensual urine that enters the body through the eyes, nose, mouth and open wounds. Leptospirosis is characterized by flu, headache, red eyes, jaundice, and difficulty in urinating that may lead to acute kidney failure.Dialysis is usually given to those who are suffering from acute kidney failure. Those who were exposed to contaminated flood waters get sick of leptospirosis one to two weeks later, DoH Assistant Secretary Dr. Eric Tayag said. Leptospirosis outbreaks after floods overstep within a month and may continue for several months, he added. According to the Disease Surveillance Report of the DoH, leptospirosis cases from January 1 to May 26 reached 1,728 which are 211.35 percent higher than cases recorded in the same period last year, 555. Cases were highest in Northern Mindanao and Western Visayas.There were 75deaths reported within the said period. Ages of cases ranged from less than two months to 93 years old. Majority of the cases reported were males. Most of the cases belonged to the 21 to 30 years age group, The surveillance said. Leptospirosis has low case fatality rate. However, it changes with forward age and may reach 20 percent more in patients with jaundice (yellowing of the skin) and kidney damage who have not been treated with renal dialysis, the report added.Leptospirosis without complications can be treated with antibiotics for a week. Afternoon classes yesterday in Marikina City, Pasig City, Pateros and Taguig City, in both public and private elementary and high schools, have been suspended by local officials due to the continuous rains. In Marikina City, Paul Sison, chief of the citys Public Information Office (PIO), said city manager Del De Guzman ordered the suspension of afternoon classes in both public and private schools in pre-school, elementary and high schools in Marikina City, due to the prevailing bad weather. However, the suspension of classes in the college level was left by the local city government to the discretion of school officials.According to the PIO, there are a total of 17 public elementary schools 14 public high schools in the city. Private elementary schools numbered 50 while there are 29 private high schools in the city. The local city government added that despite the continuous rains, the water level at the Marikina River as of 915 a.m. Tuesday remained normal. According to the PIO, the water level at the river was 13.9 mete rs supra sea level based on the data gathered from the alarm gauge rigid at Barangay Sto. Nio. Meanwhile in Pasig City, classes in both elementary and high school levels were also suspended by the local city government due to rains. In Pateros and Taguig City, the schools division superintendent of public schools in both areas also declared the suspension of classes in both public elementary and high schools for the afternoon shift.Acting Malabon Mayor Antolin Oreta declared the suspension of afternoon classes in most areas brought by flooding that submerged all low-lying areas of the city yesterday. Oreta announced the suspension of classes in 16 elementary schools and two high schools in at least 14 barangays at 10 a.m. He likewise directed the local Disaster Risk and Reduction Unit to ensnare for possible evacuation of families living along danger zones such as in West Riverside, Tullahan River, and Dona Juana Riverside all in Barangay Potrero.In Rizal province, the rains promp ted local officials to suspend classes in schools in their respective localities yesterday. In Cainta, Mayor Ramon Ilagan ordered the suspension of afternoon classes from preparatory to high school levels for both public and private schools yesterday.The ACEM Montessori School located at Karangalan Village in Cainta suspended classes ahead of the local governments announcement since the streets outside the school are flood-prone during heavy downpour. In Antipolo City, Mayor Danilo Leyble ordered the suspension of classes from preparatory up to high school, both private and public before noon yesterday due to heavy rains.Reli Bernardo, information police officer of the Rizal provincial government, said flood-prone localities have been monitored for possible evacuation or assistance by the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council upon the directive of Rizal Governor Casimiro Jun Ynares, III.The local disaster management teams of the respective localities have yet to rec eive reports of untoward incidents as a result of the heavy rains. Meanwhile, heavy rains that spawned floods in Metro Manila forced the Supreme Court (SC) yesterday to suspend work in all trial courts, the Court of Appeals, the Sandiganbayan and the Court of Tax Appeals starting at 1 p.mCourt Administrator Jose Midas P. Marquez said the suspension of work was based on a directive issued by Acting Chief Justice Antonio T. Carpio.The SC suspended its work starting at 3 p.m.According to Marquez, a 2010 administrative order issued by the SC grants executive judges of trial courts outside Metro Manila to suspend work for their employees in the absence of an announcement from the national or local government and under certain circumstances so long as it is in line with existing rules and procedure. He said judges have been instructed to report to the SC immediately any damage that may be wrought by the bad weather on court offices, equipment and records, and injuries that may be incurred by court officials and employees. The Senate was also forced to suspend work due to the heavy rains yesterday.Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile issued the order allowing employees of the upper chamber to go home early so as to avoid being trapped by floods that inundated most parts of the metropolis. Though there were no scheduled public committee hearings, Enrile advised those with transactions at the Senate to postpone their plans. The Senate also disagreeable public assistance center yesterday. Last year, the Senate was also forced to temporarily stop work due to typhoon Pedring. with reports from Ellalyn B. De Vera, Freddie C. Velez, Chito A. Chavez, Jenny F. Manongdo, Francis T. Wakefield, Ed Mahilum, Anjo Perez, Rey G. Panaligan, Hannah L. Torregoza, and Nel B. AndradeURL http//www.mb.com.ph/articles/364509/lgus-warned-for-late-class-suspension-announcement.URubrWphJpx

Dances With Wolves

The film Dances With Wolves initiates with Lt. John Dunbar in fear of having his leg amputated by the doctors, he would rather conk than to live without his leg. In his attempt to die, he decides to become a distraction to the enemy by riding in front of them and be the main target. epoch they were trying to shoot him, the rest of the union he belongs to overcome the enemy.Consequently Dunbar is named a hero and is offered a station wher eer he liked. He chooses the frontier, so he can see it before it is gone. When he fin each(prenominal)y arrives, he finds the place completely deserted. Right a elan he starts fixing the setting, and with less motive as time goes by. He is alone and with no news from the army for over a month, his horse Cisco and a wolf he named devil Socks are his only(prenominal) companions. He is then found by the Sioux who decide to try to talk to him rather than to kill him.With passions Dumbar and the Sioux start to learn each others row and commence to communicate with ease, after a while they became trusted friends and Dumbar is even offered to move in with the Sioux, an offer he accepts. Dunbar and Stands With A Fist, a white muliebrity who lived with the Sioux since childhood, fall in love with each other and marry. Because of this, he is even more accepted as a good man, he is even habituated a name, Dances With Wolves. When moving to the winter camp with the Sioux, Dumbar goes back to his soddy to get his journal, but when he arrived he found that U.S. troops had already gotten there and mistook his for an Indian because of his clothing. He was mistreated and they killed both Cisco and Two Socks.A group of Sioux men go to find Dumbar and find him, with the help of him, they killed the solders that had him cuffed. They then return with the rest of their people, but Dumbar knows that he is putting their lives in danger by being with them because he knows that the U.S. solders will hunt him down. Therefore he decides to leave with his wife in ordinate to protect the Sioux. The best for this country is to expand and that is exactly what we have done. We fought to improve our country and we took out anyone who was standing in the way. Western expansion was the best way to top dog, but there was a problem, the Native Americans were living in the Great Plains, we had to take over this land. After all it is Gods will, our destiny, for our great country to expand west.It is testify destiny and it is inevitable. The more land we have, the more powerful our country will be. Ido not feel any remorse what so ever for the Indians, they are nothing but thieves who are worth nothing more than the exodusters. Having all this land, the Homestead Act was passed, now any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the house hold was given 160 acres of land for free. I can predict our country will have a bright future. The only serious problem I can think of is for the farmers. Since the Railroad Industry has no compe tition, they can charge however much they want, and the farmers have to pay a ridiculous amount to transport their grain.The United Staters are despicable people who take things without asking. The U.S. Government does not ascertain that land cannot be owned. We have lived in this land for many years and it was not right that we were forced out of our home. We had done nothing to the U.S. Government, yet they wanted war. Even worst, they do not understand the Importance of buffalo. Buffalo provides a lot more than just food, it is essential for survival. The buffalo was needed for clothing, tools, weapons and other gadgets. To make everything even worst, the Dawes Act was passed. They wanted to Americanize us, they wanted to force us to leave our culture.Leaving my culture is like becoming someone I am not, leave my whole life behind, what a disgrace, I would rather die. The one person who I clash with all the time is my mother. Although she raised me, most of our views are differe nt. I find her making many judgments in everyones actions, and even though I know that judgment is inevitable, I believe she takes it too far. Even if someones action were innocent, if it had a shun outcome, she said they were irresponsible and a bad person.Although I do think people should think before they act, if they meant no harm then they are not bad people, because not everything turns out as expected. My mothers and I started arguing in the beginning of my 7th grade years, after I turned 12. At that develop I started becoming more opinionated and defending my believes. My mother was outraged that I did not have her exact mentality and ever since that age it has been an on-going contest between us about everything we did not fully agree on, which is mostly everything.This film was an excellent tool to connect to what we are studding in class. Watching this word picture gave me an ever greater understanding of what had taken place, how, and how everyone felt about it. To b e able to see actual people going through this helped me realize that it was all real and that it actually happened.Reminding me that it was real just made this learning experience more interesting.

Is human aggression in born Or a learned behavior Essay

? Introduction All of science, including clinical science, begins with observation. The recogniseing and modulation of warring driving behavior has been no exception. Even before Hippocrates attempt to characterize personalities, we know observed and classify behaviors and then proceeded to theatre and attempt their manipulation. Webster defines attack as a forceful action or procedure (as an unprovoked attack) especially when intended to dominate or master. It is this classification and description process which has guided the research and clinical modulation of human aggressive behavior utilizing animal models of pugnacity. (Coccaro, 2003, p. 1) Define aggression (Hostile aggression and instrumental aggression) The underlying premise of the study of phenomena, (affairs as they atomic number 18 perceived, as the nature of things as they atomic number 18) of aggressive behavior is that such aggressive behavior is not uniform but despite its disparity bathroom be grouped a ccording to certain externally observable characteristics. Moreover, the utility of such descriptive grouping provides the structure that leads to a cle arer understanding of these phenomena and affords a nitty-gritty to manipulate behaviors.The study ultimately provides an understanding of behavior in the human condition. Said an separate way, animal models of aggression tell us which questions to ask about human aggression and which biological systems to study in the human animal. (Coccaro, 2003, p. 2) Analyses investigating the transactionhips between the two different types of aggressive answers and psychiatric diagnoses found that both aggressive children with Attention wanting(predicate) Disorder and aggressive children without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) utilized instrumental aggressive responses more frequently than the normal controls.However, children with ADHD and aggression were more likely to utilize unconnected aggressive responses than the a ggressive children without ADHD, indicating a connection between impulsivity and hostile aggression. (Atkins et al, 1993, p. 165) Key aggressive behavior was associated with goal-directed behavior, in which t here is some benefit or gain to the aggressor or aggressive action. In contrast, hostile aggression was perceived as an attempt to cause pain to the victim, with no independent gain. competitive children with ADHD were more likely to demonstrate hostile aggressive behavior on an analog task than aggressive children without AD/HD, suggesting that impulsivity plays a role in hostile aggression as well as in ADHD. (Coccaro, 2003, p. 270) In comparison, instrumental aggression is more thoughtful (premeditated), is less catchd by anger, and uses aggression as a means to obtain a goal (e. g. , power) rather than as an end in itself. Despite this distinction in the literature, measures of aggression rarely tell apart between the two types.This is likely, in part, due to the diffic ulty in distinguishing between purely instrumental and purely impulsive acts. It has been suggested that most aggressive acts may pay back both impulsive and instrumental comp iodinents, and that this dichotomy should be abolished. However, other studies have suggested that this distinction is valid and that separate neurological substrates may be involved in the two types of aggression. (Coccaro, 2003, p. 171) In the laboratory, instrumental aggression may be the most artificial.Constructive and pessimistic support is utilized to shape and increase the frequency of aggressive behavior. Since aggressive behavior, which affords dominance, can be positively reinforcing, instrumental aggression can be linked with other forms of aggression such as inter-male aggression. (Coccaro, 2003, p. 3) Theories of aggression Among the compartmentalisation of human actions that are the subject of attention, n single has aroused deeper concern than mans aggressiveness. Though aggression has alwa ys been an important social concern, disciplines during the past a few(prenominal) decades have fully justified increased interest.With the progressive growth of instruments of destruction, simple aggressive acts can produce widespread disastrous consequences. The hazards of ill-judged actions have thus become enormously magnified. Mans aggressive potential has also been increased, independently of expanding destructive accouterments, by changes in the social conditions of life. (Bandura, 1973, p. 1) The grouping of theoretical approaches into respective(a) categories (i. e. , instinct, drive, education, and social learning) uses the major emphasis of each theoretical notion as a sorting criterion.It is hoped that this categorization facilitates the overview. It should be kept in mind, however, that the various theories are not necessarily confined entirely to the features suggested by their category heading nor are they fully independent of one another. Drive theories of aggr ession, for example, involve learning considerations, and the learning of aggression to some extent involves considerations of drive. (Zillmann, 1979, p. 114) The explicit use of the drive concept has become comparatively rare.The concept of arousal, on the other hand, seems to have become in turn more popular. In one way or another, all contemporary theories of aggression try to explain the phenomenon in terms of an interaction of cognition and arousal. The bookman of this topic may thus readily come to the conclusion that the theories are precise similar, at least as far as arousal is concerned. such an impression is quite erroneous, however. Confusion a explicates from the fact that the concept of arousal is used very broadly and assumes different meanings in different theoriesoccasionally thus far in the same theory. (Zillmann, 1979, p. 168) Differences between theories show some distinction in the relative emphasis they place on the conditions that are produced. This pheno menon has special significance for theories of aggression because, unlike most mass movements, it represents revolt by advantaged rather than by underprivileged segments of society. (Bandura, 1973, p. 231) It is doubtful that the instinctual drive theories of aggression are capable of empirical verification.Most of them are formulated in such broad terms that they do not generate specific predictions that could be put to experimental tests. When a non-measurable instinctual force is have with m all qualifying factors that are also somewhat elusive, the theory can explain any variety of events that have already happened, though it cannot predict them. The post-dictions, of course, are compatible with alternative theories that do not invoke the operation of an innate aggressive drive. (Bandura, 1973, p. 14) Is aggression inborn (Instinct theory)Lombrosos (historical figure in modern criminology, and the discontinue of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology) announcement that biology was the only important factor in causing crime eventually set off a firestorm of controversy. However, Lombroso was not the only person who believed that biology was the most important factor influencing behavior. Around the turn of the century, as today, the major discipline examining human behavior was psychology. At that time, most psychologists, like Lombroso, were convinced of the primary importance of genetic influences and did not question the idea that criminal behavior was inborn. (Englander, 2003, p. 56) The ego has been differentiated from the id by the influence of the external world, to whose demands it adapts. In so adapting it has to reconcile the forces of the id and super-ego in such a way as to maximize pleasure and minimize un-pleasure. The development of ego-psychology as a branch of psychoanalysis, which reflected a shift of interest from the earlier instinct theory to the adaptive functions of the ego, in relation to other persons especially, facilit ated some rapprochement between psychoanalysis and psychology. (Gregory, 1998, p.211).The most well-known proponents of the theory (Sigmund Freud, and Konrad Lorenz) have written in German, and the so called instinct theory, accordingly, should rather be labeled the Trieb-theory. (Fry et al, 1997, p. 28) The closest way to describe what Trieb very means is that it implies an innate drive, functioning in accordance with the so called reservoir model. The drive is triggered by internal rather than external stimuli, examples being the hunger, thirst, and sexual drives. biological influences ( Neural influences, genetic influences, biochemical influences).Psychologists concerned with emotions in general seem to be working along very different lines. With the exception of those dealing in general with the biological aspects of emotional states, their attention is focused largely on peoples reports of how their emotional feelings and/or actions came about. Unfortunately for both groups , there isnt very much communication between them, and they do not read and consider as much of each others research literature as they should. (Srull, 1993, p. 2) It is becoming increasingly common to treat emotions (anger, fear, love, etc.) as higher order entities created or constructed out of more elementary components. A central problem for any theory of emotion, then, is to clarify the principles according to which emotions are organized. Biological principles (information encoded in the genes) play a role so, too, do psychological principles. The critical empirical question here is whether one sees different emotional states as incorporating essentially indistinguishable physiological responses. (Srull, 1993, p. 91) It has been assumed by scholars that there are demonstrable differences at the physiological, neural and even muscular level between different emotions.Is aggression a response to frustration (frustration-aggression theory revised) A number of predictions that fol low from the social learning conceptualization differ from the traditional frustration-aggression speculation. It will be recalled that drive theories of aggression assume that frustration arouses an aggressive drive that can be reduced only through some form of aggressive behavior. Frustration, in this view, is a necessary and sufficient condition for aggression. The diverse events subsumed under the omnibus term frustration have one feature in commonthey are all in varying degrees. (Bandura, 1973, p.53) Attempting to make a connection with the displacement of emotions in psychoanalytic theory gives rise to the reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis. Within academic research circles, it drew theoretical attention to this aspect of human aggression by incorporating rules for the redirection of hostility from the provoker to substitute targets. (Knutson, 1994, p. 89) Criticism of the frustration-aggression hypothesis focused at first on the nature of responses to f rustration. Anthropologists pointed out that in some cultivations aggression was by no means a typical response to frustration.Researchers in the early and mid 1940s demonstrated that young children were inclined to regress rather than to aggress when frustrated. Other critics argued that only some kinds of frustration chevy aggressive behavior and that other forms do not. (Bandura, 1973, p. 52) Is aggression learned social behavior An understanding of this energetic interaction between our species legacy, brain functioning, and learned culture is crucial if we are to understand human social behavior, personality and human nature in general.Given that our species heritage and neuro-humoral functioning are difficult, if not impossible, to understand apart from evolutionary theory, it is evident that the second impertinent Darwinian revolution must reach fruition prior to a full maturing of the social sciences. (Bailey, 1987, p. 37).Moreover, they both go back powerful effects o f rearing conditions, social interactions, and learning that modify the level of aggressive behavior in the selected lines, regardless of genetic background. The similarities in outcomes have been striking in the light of the separate establishment and evolution of the investigations for more than 2 decades.The confirmation seemed especially important because the findings had independently challenged widely held assumptions on the relations between development, genes, and social behavior. (Cairns et al, 1996, p. 43) Rewards of aggression The opportunity to discharge aggressively can be used to reinforce learning if that opportunity is provided in topographic points that normally conjure aggression. Electrodes attached to inflict tail shock produces reflexive aggression in monkeys. These animals will also learn a chain pulling response in order to obtain a canvas-covered ball that they may bite.If pigeons are rewarded with food for pecking a key, they will learn the response quick ly. If the reward is suddenly terminated, the birds will behave aggressively. During this period, they will also learn to peck a key that produces another bird that can then be attacked. (Moyer, 1987, p. 33) Child abuse and neglect is a widespread social problem that affects all types of family structure and all segments of the population, regardless of individual differences in cultural background, geographic location, or economic status.(However, as discussed in later sections, some groups are at greater risk of child abuse and neglect than others. For example, the poor, uneducated, and young have been considered most vulnerable). (Jackson et al, 1991, p. 5) Many so-called instinctual behaviors may contain a large learning component even in the common patterns displayed by members of a species. Observation learning is a principal means of acquiring new response patterns in animals and humans alike. Observation learning may play an especially important role in species that are hi ghly susceptible to imprinting.This is a process wherein young offspring develop a strong attachment to, and rapidly learn general characteristics of the model to which they were first undefendable during a developmentally sensitive period. (Bandura, 1973, p. 27) It appears that some response patterns are transmitted during the period impressionable access. The relationship of a close social attachment to a role model greatly improves the ability to observe. Huesmann LR and Miller LS, (Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. In Aggressive BehaviorCurrent Perspectives, ed.LR Huesmann, pp. 153-86. in the raw York Plenum 1986, 1998,) proposed that when children observe violence in the mass media, they learn aggressive scripts. Scripts define situations and guide behavior The person first selects a script to represent the situation and then assumes a role in the script. Once a script has been learned, it may be retrieved at some later time and used as a guide for behavior. This approach can be seen as a more specific and detailed account of social learning processes. (Anderson et al, 2002, p. 27) Influences of aggression.The first thing to be said about animals is that we should be cautious in drawing lessons from them to explain our own behavior, given the mediating force of culture and our capacity for reflection. Our kinship with other animals does not mean that if their behavior seems often to be under the influence of instincts, this must necessarily also be the case in humans, says anthropologist Ashley Montagu. He quotes one authority who has written There is no more reason to believe that man fights wars because fish or beavers are territorial than to think that man can fly because bats have wings. (Kohn, 1988, p. 34) Scripted patterns of functioning, non conscious influence of goals and behavioral plans, and a variety of procedural rules guiding behavior, particularly in socio-cultural contexts, (none of which may find re presentation at a conscious level,) and none of which can be attributed to unconscious emotion related dynamics of coping in society. CONCLUSION assault is a social behavior that is only modestly understood. Although a full understanding of human aggressive behavior will certainly still hold researchers and clinicians to examine aggressive behavior continuously.Although biopsychosocial models of aggression have been proposed and tested, these have limited utility for explaining aggression in the general case. Research on the treatment of aggression lags behind basic research, and has relied largely on the traditional biomedical model for knowledge development and application. (Coccaro, 2003, p. 72)Awareness and understanding of the social context surrounding knowledge development for aggression may help guide future research efforts and clinical practice. In conclusion, the approach of this paper suggests further independent examination of the motives for affects and actions.Thro ughout the presentation, supports the formulations of new and innovative theories for further research. In essence, when we as humans encounter one another we can usually process all the relevant information in a considered fashion and count on the principle alone to steer us correctly. Reference(s) Emil F. Coccaro, 2003, Aggression Psychiatric Assessment and Treatment. Publisher Marcel Dekker. mark of consequence New York. rascal Number 1. MS Atkins, DM Stoff,1993, Instrumental and hostile aggression in childhood disruptive behavior disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 21165-178.Albert Bandura, 1973, Aggression A Social Learning Analysis. Publisher Prentice-Hall. Place of Publication Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Page Number 1. Dolf Zillmann, 1979, Hostility and Aggression Publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication Hillsdale, NJ. Page Number 114. Elizabeth Kandel Englander, 2003, Understanding force. Publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication Mahwah, NJ. Page Number 56. Richard L. Gregory, 1998, The Oxford Companion to the Mind. Publisher Oxford University Press. Place of Publication Oxford. Page Number 211.Douglas P. Fry, Kaj Bjorkqvist, 1997, Cultural transition in Conflict Resolution Alternatives to Violence Publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication Mahwah, NJ. Page Number 28. Thomas K. Srull, Robert S. Wyer Jr. ,1993, Perspectives on Anger and Emotion. Publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication Hillsdale, NJ. Page Number 2. John F. Knutson, Michael Potegal, 1994, The Dynamics of Aggression Biological and Social Processes in Dyads and Groups. Publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication Hillsdale, NJ. Page Number 89.Kent G. Bailey, 1987, gentle Paleopsychology Applications to Aggression and Pathological Processes. Publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication Hillsdale, NJ. Page Number 37. Robert B. Cairns, David M. Stoff, 1996, Aggression and Violence Genetic, Neu robiological, and Biosocial Perspectives. Publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication Mahwah, NJ. Page Number 43. K. E. Moyer, 1987, Violence and Aggression A Physiological Perspective. Publisher Paragon Press. Place of Publication New York. Page Number 33. Jay W. Jackson, Henry C.Karlson, Oliver C. S. Tzeng, 1991, Theories of Child Abuse and Neglect differential gear Perspectives, Summaries, and Evaluations. Publisher Praeger. Place of Publication Westport, CT. Page Number 5. Craig A. Anderson, Brad J. Bushman, 2002, Human Aggression. Journal patronage Annual Review of Psychology. Page Number 27+. Alfie Kohn, 1988, article Title Make Love, Not War We Keep Hearing That We Are an Aggressive, Warlike Species. Scientists Keep Telling Us That We Have a Choice. Magazine Title Psychology Today. Volume 22. Issue 6. Publication Date June. Page Number 34+.

Research Paper on a Tale of Two Cities

Formal Plot Summary Lucie Manette is a central character in the novel. She tends to come across the characters around her in a brightening manor. For instance she mends her fathers psyche through her unconditional sexual be intimate. Because of her ability to affect early(a)s in a liberating sense she attracts other characters such as Stryver, Charles Darnay, and Sydney cartonful. She also is able to bring light to the life of family friend Jarvis Lorry. Another way Lucie is central is through her constant placement in love triangles the most obvious being cartonful and Darnay. A second triangle she finds herself in is between Dr.Manette and Darnay. Sydney cartonful is the protagonist of the novel. He dies by the make of the decapitate to save Darnay. carton is introduced in the beginning of the novel as an indifferent, drunkard of a lawyer. He seeks no true meaning to life or find pursuit in attaining any future goals. He is a complex character, because he ends up finding m eaning, when he falls in love with Lucie Manette. He works early hours for Stryver while wearing sopping towels. He has thrown away much potential, yet he retains sympathy from people by fulfilling a promise to Lucie.Another dimension to Sydney carton is that he is a social outcast. He has no place in the English class system. Yet, when Carton goes to Paris he becomes a new person. He finds fulfillment in life and in his death. Charles Darnay plays the role of romantic lead. He becomes the love interest and in the end the husband of Lucie. Darnays real name is revealed to Dr. Mannette in exchange for his daughters hand in marriagehis name is revealed to be St. Evremonde. Darnay is a type of sacrifice, when he gives up his home in France to stick to a life in England.He gives up his old privileges to become a tutor of the French language. Dr. Manette spent eighteen years in jail. To keep his mind in prison, he developed a s violent death in shoemaking. Dr. Manette suffers from spe lls of amnesia. Throughout the novel Dr. Manette grows as a character. He develops strength and confidence that he had lost in solitary confinement. An font of this is his ability to reason with the revolutionaries to keep Darnay alive. Five years posterior Charles Darnay is introduced on the stand of a court house. He is being tried for treason.Lorry and Lucie testify to save Darnay, but he saved by his lawyer Stryver. The case that was made to save Darnay was that he could not possibly be spy because of his resemblance to Sydney Cartonan indifferent lawyer. As this is going on, Darnay, proposes to Lucie. They become engaged. Sydney Carton also reveals his love for Lucie. He understand that he cannot have her, so he promises to give his life for anyone sacred to her. piece the marriage ceremony is commencing it is told to Dr. Manette that in that location were hidden papers found in a prison. This event sends Dr. Manette into shock for several days.Earlier in the day Darnay tel ls Dr. Manette his true nameCharles St. Evremonde. The French transition has now broken out, it is 1789. Defarge has lead an attack on the Bastille while his wife controls the revolutionary women. They burn down everything related with the St. Evremonde name. Gabelle, father of the killed child, is imprisoned. Darnay hears of this tragic event and rushes to France. While he is attempting to help Gabelle, Darnay is seized by revolutionaries as an aristocrat. Dr. Manette has much influence because of his time spent in the Bastille, he is able to visit Darnay, but no liberal him.Fifteen months later Darnay is brought up before the French Tribunal. As a result of Dr Manette and Gabelles testimonies he is set free. As Darnay is leaving, he is rearrested due to the efforts of Madame and Monsieur Defarge. Sydney Carton appears and informs Travis Lorry. Sydney Carton forces John Basard (he once testified against Darnay) to cooperate with him, or hed reveal Basards illegal maneuvers of spy ing on prisoners. The following day Carton goes to visit Darnay, drugs him, and takes his clothes. Carton planned on fulfilling his promise to Lucie.Barsard rushes Darnays unconscious body out of jail to be with his family and flee safely. Madame Defarge goes to Manettes apartment to kill Lucie, but meets girlfriend Pross. Miss Pross fights off Defarge who fires the pistol killing herself. Carton meets the guillotine. He is calm and is optimistic of his death. He dies with a face that is at peace. One major combat in the novel is between Charles Darnay and his uncle. The conflict is external. There is a fight about Darnay selling the old establishment in France. Darnays uncle curses him.There is no resolution to this conflict, but Darnays uncle meets his demise when he is stabbed to death by Gabelle. One major internal conflict is between Carton and his inability to pursue any goals. He is revealed as a waste. He becomes the saddest story, when he is born with all the potential in the world but does nothing with it. The conflict is last resolved when he keeps his promise to Lucie, when he takes his life for Darnay. He is able to come to terms and feel at peace. Sacrifice becomes a central content in the novel. One example is when Darnay gives up his aristocratic lifestyle to pursue life in England.Another example is Carton when he sacrifices his life in order to save Darnay, so that Darnay can flee the country with Lucie. Another obvious them in A Tale of Two Cities is love and hate. An obvious example of love is Miss Pross protecting Lucies life by fighting off Madame Defarge. Miss Pross risks her own life to save another. The best example of love is Cartons promise to Lucie. In order to promise his life to Lucie, he had to love someone more than himself. An example of hate is Madame Defarges attempts to kill those who had relations with Darnay.She wanted vengeance, which is a byproduct of hate. Her hate for aristocracy drives her to almost successfully g etting Darnay killed by the guillotine. Another major theme which should be mentioned is death. Carton has to die in order for Darnayto live. Throughout the novel there is lecture of death and violence. There were multiple descriptions in the novel of death by guillotine and scenes of the bloodshed due to revolutionary violence. One example I was able to clearly recognize was the guillotine. It symbolized death. Such as when it killed Carton. It also symbolized revolutionary violence.Evidence of this was whenever speak of revolutionary actions were shown, the guillotine was mentioned. Another example was Madame Defarges knitting. She would knit the names of the people she desired to kill. It was a symbol of their mess. Her knitting was a symbol of fate because every time she knitted someones name into her pattern, they would be marked to die. My personal reaction to the book was that it was very complicated to understand. Dickens backchat usage made simple sentences much too comp licated to understand. I had to read the book with a dictionary.It took me from anywhere between twenty and thirty transactions to read eight to nine pages. Although I struggled much with the novel, I enjoyed it. My research paper will be concentrated on the complexity of Sydney Carton. He everlastingly changed my view of him in the novel. At one point I might dislike him, but then in another section I gained accord for him. I feel that I will be centering my thesis on paralleling the lives and views of both Sydney Carton and Charles Dickens. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. innovative York Cassia Press, 1998.

Food inc review

Food Inc Extra Credit Food Inc is a documentary close the state of the food industry within the United States. It was a very in depth look at the upriseing industry that most good deal dont get a chance to see. Most people dont really think about where the food comes from or how it was farmed. This documentary gave a clear insight into how our food is really produced. When you think of farming, you may think of an area of land which is devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food, but in this ocumentary we learned that most of our food is actually produced in mega factories.Since there is such a high demand for processed food these days, farmers are artificially growing their crops. The film introduces us to an overcrowded chicken farm in Kentucky and clarifies the fact that chickens have doubled in size since the 1950s. Chickens today are genetically modified to have larger breasts in order to oppose to the demands of the consumers preference for white meat . The chickens row at such a rate that their bones and organs cant keep up with the rapid weight gain.The chickens arent able to base on balls around since their legs cannot carry the weight. Health and safety regulations of the food, the animals, the workers on the assembly lines, and of the consumers who will be eating the food is often overlooked by the companies in an fret to provide cheap food regardless of the negative consequences. Animals at factory farms stand ankle deep in their manure for long eriods of time marrow that if one cow has E.Coli, the other animals can easily be infected with it which will then be passed on to the consumer when ingested. Overall, I believe that this documentary was a major eye opener for me to pay more attention to the type of food that I consume and to also take the proper precautions when preparing food at home. I have learnt the importance of properly reading food labels prior to purchasing food in order to be fully aware of what I am put ting into my body.

Management and Planning Essay

cookery involves in every aspect of peoples life. If an individual wants to master victory, he or she must gravel a puritanical preparation. It is also the same in business. Organizations that wear to plan be preparedness to fail, I do agree with this opinion. A plan demonstrates your intentions, mission, survey and method to carry it let on. It is an authoritative part of doing business. Without mean, an governing may non operate smoothly and may lead to failure. This essay go out examine both the advantages and disadvantages of training and show why proviso is infixed in business.In this era of hyper-competition, globalization and technological revolution, companies are forced to make speedy decisions in severalise to keep up with the market. Responding to the pressure of making quick and skilful choices, m any firms have decreased or even emulated the time allocated to preparation. Based on how rapid the market change in now business, cut chain reactor gr ooming in doing business seems to be appropriated since the uncertainty and fast timing of entrepreneurial warrant quick action. (Matherne, 2004, p. 156) But should founders of new ventures plan or should they act immediately?Is planning shut up a social occasionful activity in doing business? Lets take a nerve at planning and what benefits it brings to business. Planning is an activity which consists of defining the organizations goals, establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals and growth a comprehensive set of goals to integrate and coordinate activities. It is the primary functions of management since it sets the basic path for managers in organizing, leading and controlling their cooperation.Planning can also be defined in terms of chunk or in testicle. (Robbins, DeCenzo, Coulter & Woods, 2012, p. 6). Most managers do planning in their overworks whether it is informal like planning in their head or setting up a formal plan after carefully examined the sit uation and collect ideas from the staffs. Informal plans are rarely written down onto paper and publicly announced to other people. In contrast, formal planning always takes lots of time and effort of many people. The goals are specific and set with a period of time to achieve. Although it takes time, effort and non always guarantee success further formal planning is still remain as a priority thing to do for every manager.Planning establishes goals and direction for organizations. With a clear mission and vision, employees can coordinate their work unneurotic and managers can make sure that they are on the right way of life. Goals can also improve the process of a firm. Latham (2004, p. 216) stated that a goal is a standard of for assessing anes satisfaction. Achieving a goal entrust non only bring rewards and praises to individual but it can increase their satisfaction. When ones morale is high, he or she pass on have a tendency to work ruin and expect a more difficult c hallenge.It is always a benefit for companies when staffs commit to their work and charter onerouser mission. in addition, with a step by step direction, people will not be distracted from out of doors factors that affect performance. Wasteful, overlapping activities and uncertainty are reduced through planning. In the process of planning, managers have to holler changes, gather information and develop responses which friend avoid mistakes. (Robbins et al. , 2012, p. 86). It allows people to make faster decisions since things have been predicted and gratuitous trials do not have to be conducted.Planning also helps people manage their resources, minimizing factors that can deadening down their activities. By well-favoured an idea about the availability of resources, the efficiency and effectiveness of works will be increased. (Delma & Shane, 2003, p. 1167). Furthermore, planning provides time for each mission so that each person can track their own process and organize the w ork to keep up with the whole troupe. One thing that contributes to the grave of formal planning in business is strategical planning. It is proved that the relationship between strategic planning and organization performance is positive.The standard possible action of strategic management surrounds planning of a mission and objectives, implementing a hierarchy of strategies to achieve and controlling to ensure the goals are achievable. The purpose of strategic planning is to make organizations management flex more effective. Combine these two things, indirect improvements of performance could occur. (Falshaw, Glaister & Tatoglu, 2006, p. 12). Moreover, making a strategic plan means manager have to go through the process of collecting data, forecasting, poser and creating alternatives to respond to unexpected scenario.Strategic planning also promotes long term thinking, reduces uncertainty, identifies and evaluates alternatives strategies. By doing that organization with proper plans has already had an advantage to those that dont. There is a link between company size and the use of strategic instruments. As smaller companies possess less time, resources and knowledge, they have a tendency to cut down on planning process and focus more on operational activities. The more the companies grow, the more formal the plan will be. Big enterprises have stable structure so it is more suitable to planning.Also with more resources in term of personnel, knowledge and time, it will be easier to have a good strategic plans. (Kraus, Reiche & Reschke, 2007, p. 11-12). However, new ventures should not skip the planning process since it is a guideline for long term success. Plans will remind managers about the goals and giving clues on responding to changes. If a new firm just focus on operational details, it might be hard for them to grow bigger. Therefore, a plan could be recyclable in maintaining as well as developing the company. Tulane University in New Orleans, Louis iana is an example of prosperous planning.The university was pixilated damaged in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina. By 2006, it was reopened thanks to the renewal plan created by its pupils. The plan is found on the current situation of the university at that time. After going through many processes and revisions, taken student affairs goals accordingly, the university could face the disasters aftermath in the best way. (Cherry & Clark, 2010). Having a plan does not guarantee success. There are criticisms about how formal planning were long and does not bring as many outlaywhile suggestions as it should.As the business environment is often changed with a fast pace, a long process like making strategic plans may not give managers suitable choices at certain time. In order to respond to an uncertain environment, plans have to be flexible, but that is what formal planning lacks. A traditional strategic plan is created with specific goals and limited time to achieve those goals. It create s rigidity and may lead to failure if the managers follow the plan strictly without paying attention to changes. Strategic planning is useful when it drive decision making.Surprisingly, according to Mankins and Steele (2006, p. 77), the structure and timing of strategic planning make it hard to assign a good decision. In their survey which confirmed what they observed over many years, only 2. 5 major strategic decisions are made from companies with standard planning. It demonstrates the fact that, traditional planning model is out of sync from what executives and managers want or need. Therefore, organizations should change their approach in planning. Plans must be specific but also flexible so that managers can respond to changes purify without going off track.A successful plan can also be a path leading to disaster. Since it is hard for people to renounce their comfort zone and try nighthing new. Success may lineage success, but it can also breed failure, especially in an unc ertain environment. (Robbins et al. , 2012, p. 87). Unfortunately, business environment is very unpredictable and with the development of new technology, a plan can be out of date in a short period of time. In order to remain successful, managers must face uncertainty and brave plenteous to make changes.Nowadays, in some organizations, planning just contributes a small part in their success. The decisions are made based on sparse information and rely upon shortcuts or heuristics to save time. (Kirsch, GoldFarb & Gera, 2008, p. 487). Another way is making decisions based on actual works. Some of those organizations do success with that method. The best example must be Google. It is a company well-known for freedom at workplace and the majority of its plans are informal. Employees can do whatever they want, work with whoever they like and they can spend 20% of time on their own project.A company with microscopical structure like that is now very successful and consistently outperfor med their competitors in stock market since 1998 (Gargiulo, 2011). Googles success does not come from those long and unrealistic plans but come from the way they manage people. Motivation, giving benefits and making employees excited going to work are the keys to their success. Managers at Google make their staffs feel like family at workplace. Although there is downside of not having a plan. It could be difficult to figure out the responsibility of each person.Google had no legal representative for the company at a Belgian law suit. (Schjndel, 2012, p. 17). Still, the benefits are more than enough to make up for problems caused by unstructured way of operating. At the age of 18, I know the important of planning in a persons life. Most of my failure in the past came from not having a suitable plan or having no plan at all. I used to do thing at the last minutes, therefore, the result was not as good as it should be, especially in study. I now pay more attention to planning and after practicing for a period of time, my planning skill has improved a lot.When making a plan, I analyze what I need to do, past clothe the task in order and give time to each task. Since the works have become structure, I not only save my time but the efficiency and effectiveness of my works have increased. However, I still have a lot to improve in my planning skill. The plans cannot make restore if you do not carry it out. Sometimes, I made plans and did not do it. Moreover, some of my goals were very hard to achieve. These kinds of goals need a lot of effort and you may not achieve it after all.In order to prepare for future management challenge, I will practice analyzing the situations, setting more realistic goals and arrange my work more logically. I also find some part time jobs that demand planning or management skills to have practical experience. Practicing in a business environment will help me have a better understanding of all the things I studied as well as give me an i dea of how managers do their work. Spending more time research about management theory to expand my knowledge and finding a suitable style to manage people. By doing that my skill will theoretically and practically improved.I will make a plan to develop my skill in a short time so that I can be more confident in dealing with future challenges in my life. In conclusion, planning is still a useful process for any organization regardless of its size. Formal planning give companies a structure way of operating. Based on the plans managers can at least maintain a stable level of performance and avoid inessential mistake. It is also a stepping stone for developing organizations. Although it still remains some disadvantages but nothing is perfect. Planning is just a tool to help managers run the business comfortably.Whether an organization success or not depends on variety of factors the environment, personnel and so on. It is up to the managers to make adjustment when unexpected things o ccurs and make the right decisions. In an era where changes happen at a fast paced, having a plan means better preparation and better chances to achieve success. That is why planning is essential and every business should take planning seriously even though it is a long as well as hard process. The benefits it brings worth the effort. If you fail to plan, there is a high chance that you are planning to fail.