Volcano Probe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Volcano Probe - Essay Example Pressure and temperature changes in a volcano leads to its structure and its overall behavior in regard to the period of formation to the eruption period. It is pressure and temperature that explains how a volcano is formed and how it erupts on to the earth surface in the long run (Beatty, 1998, p. 67). In general volcanoes normally occur in areas where tectonic plates diverge or converge or where the earth crust stretch or thin as in the case of African Rift Valley. Similarly, volcanoes can arise as a result of mantle plumes or hotspots which may occur far from the platonic plate's boundaries. Where volcanoes occur due to divergence of platonic plates, new oceanic crust is formed by hot molten lock or the magma which slowly cool and solidify. In essence, the crust is very thin at these ridges as a result of tectonic plates pull. Pressure resulting from the crust thinning gives rise to adiabatic expansion with a new oceanic crust forming as a result of partial melting of the mantle. In regard to converging platonic plates, the collision of a continental plate and an oceanic plate results into a subduction zone which by extension results into the submersion of the oceanic plate under the continental plate. The subducting layer releases water which lowers the temperature of the mantl e wedge above the result of which is magma creation. On the other hand, hotspots which are commonly located above mantle plumes where there is convection of the mantle of the earth results into a column of hot material that rises up to the earth crust. Plume temperature causes the crust to melt forming pipes useful in venting magma (Beatty, 1998, p. 98). Following the above discussion, designing a volcano probe would require one to properly analyse the factors and forces behind volcano formation. In essence, one would be required to put into consideration the thermal forces involved and it is at this point that knowledge of thermal physics becomes essential. In this case, one would be required to design a temperature and pressure measuring system that is compatible with changes in the two parameters and which can withstand huge changes for that matter. As such, one would be required to consider the materials with which the pressure and temperature measuring system is built from as some materials may not be able to withstand huge changes in these two parameters. For example, metals are known to melt under different temperatures with some melting at lower temperatures than the others. Still, some of these metals when exposed to high pressures react or behave differently from the others (A.I.P. 2000, p. 56). Any component designed to study the behavior of a volcano will have to put into consideration all the thermal physics aspects of pressure and temperature among other things. Such things include the permissible pressure range of the pressure sensor and the temperature range of the temperature sensor to be used in the measuring instrument. Equally important is the pressure and temperature range of the outer structure inhibiting the sensors. Moreover, the data collected by these sensors will need to be transmitted to a receiver through a transmitter.

Internet Addiction Essay Example for Free

Internet Addiction Essay Abstract Problematic computer use is a growing social issue which is being debated worldwide. Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) ruins lives by causing neurological complications, psychological disturbances, and social problems. Surveys in the United States and Europe have indicated alarming prevalence rates between 1.5 and 8.2% [1]. There are several reviews addressing the definition, classification, assessment, epidemiology, and co-morbidity of IAD [2-5], and some reviews [6-8] addressing the treatment of IAD. The aim of this paper is to give a preferably brief overview of research on IAD and theoretical considerations from a practical perspective based on years of daily work with clients suffering from Internet addiction. Furthermore, with this paper we intend to bring in practical experience in the debate about the eventual inclusion of IAD in the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).Problematic computer use is a growing social issue which is being debated worldwide. Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) ruins lives by causing neurological complications, psychological disturbances, and social problems. Surveys in the United States and Europe have indicated alarming prevalence rates between 1.5 and 8.2% [1]. There are several reviews addressing the definition, classification, assessment, epidemiology, and co-morbidity of IAD [2-5], and some reviews [6-8] addressing the treatment of IAD. The aim of this paper is to give a preferably brief overview of research on IAD and theoretical considerations from a practical perspective based on years of daily work with clients suffering from Internet addiction. Furthermore, with this paper we intend to bring in practical experience in the debate about the eventual inclusion of IAD in the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Keywords: Addiction, Computer, Internet, reSTART, Treatment. INTRODUCTION The idea that problematic computer use meets criteria for an addiction, and therefore should be included in the next iteration of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 4th ed. Text Revision [9] was first proposed by Kimberly Young, PhD in her seminal 1996 paper [10]. Since  that time IAD has been extensively studied and is indeed, currently under consideration for inclusion in the DSM-V [11]. Meanwhile, both China and South Korea have identified Internet addiction as a significant public health threat and both countries support education, research and treatment [12]. In the United States, despite a growing body of research, and treatment for the disorder available in out-patient and in-patient settings, there has been no formal governmental response to the issue of Internet addiction. While the debate goes on about whether or not the DSM-V should designate Internet addiction a mental disorder [12-14] people currently suffering from Internet addiction are seeking treatment. Because of our experience we support the development of uniform diagnostic criteria and the inclusion of IAD in the DSM-V [11] in order to advance public education, diagnosis and treatment of this important disorder. CLASSIFICATION There is ongoing debate about how best to classify the behavior which is characterized by many hours spent in non-work technology-related computer/Internet/video game activities [15]. It is accompanied by changes in mood, preoccupation with the Internet and digital media, the inability to control the amount of time spent interfacing with digital technology, the need for more time or a new game to achieve a desired mood, withdrawal symptoms when not engaged, and a continuation of the behavior despite family conflict, a diminishing social life and adverse work or academic consequences [2, 16, 17]. Some researchers and mental health practitioners see excessive Internet use as a symptom of another disorder such as anxiety or depression rather than a separate entity [e.g. 18]. Internet addiction could be considered an Impulse control disorder (not otherwise specified). Yet there is a growing consensus that this constellation of symptoms is an addiction [e.g. 19]. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) recently released a new definition of addiction as a chronic brain disorder, officially proposing for the first time that addiction is not limited to substance use [20]. All addictions, whether chemical or behavioral, share certain characteristics including salience, compulsive use (loss of control), mood modification and the alleviation of distress, tolerance and withdrawal, and the continuation despite negative consequences. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR IAD The first serious proposal for diagnostic criteria was advanced in 1996 by Dr. Young, modifying the DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling [10]. Since then variations in both name and criteria have been put forward to capture the problem, which is now most popularly known as Internet Addiction Disorder. Problematic Internet Use (PIU) [21], computer addiction, Internet dependence [22], compulsive Internet use, pathological Internet use [23], and many other labels can be found in the literature. Likewise a variety of often overlapping criteria have been proposed and studied, some of which have been validated. However, empirical studies provide an inconsistent set of criteria to define Internet addiction [24]. For an overview see Byun et al. [25]. Beard [2] recommends that the following five diagnostic criteria are required for a diagnosis of Internet addiction: (1) Is preoccupied with the Internet (thinks about previous online activity or anticipate next online session); (2) Needs t o use the Internet with increased amounts of time in order to achieve satisfaction; (3) Has made unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop Internet use; (4) Is restless, moody, depressed, or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop Internet use; (5) Has stayed online longer than originally intended. Additionally, at least one of the following must be present: (6) Has jeopardized or risked the loss of a significant relationship, job, educational or career opportunity because of the Internet; (7) Has lied to family members, therapist, or others to conceal the extent of involvement with the Internet; (8) Uses the Internet as a way of escaping from problems or of relieving a dysphoric mood (e.g., feelings of helplessness, guilt, anxiety, depression) [2]. There has been also been a variety of assessment tools used in evaluation. Young’s Internet Addiction Test [16], the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ) developed by Demetrovics, Szeredi, and Pozsa [26] and the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) [27] are all examples of instruments to assess for this disorder. PREVALENCE The considerable variance of the prevalence rates reported for IAD (between 0.3% and 38%) [28] may be attributable to the fact that diagnostic criteria and assessment questionnaires used for diagnosis vary between countries and studies often use highly selective samples of online surveys [7]. In their  review Weinstein and Lejoyeux [1] report that surveys in the United States and Europe have indicated prevalence rates varying between 1.5% and 8.2%. Other reports place the rates between 6% and 18.5% [29]. â€Å"Some obvious differences with respect to the methodologies, cultural factors, outcomes and assessment tools forming the basis for these prevalence rates notwithstanding, the rates we encountered were generally high and sometimes alarming.† [24] ETIOLOGY There are different models available for the development and maintenance of IAD like the cognitive-behavioral model of problematic Internet use [21], the anonymity, convenience and escape (ACE) model [30], the access, affordability, anonymity (Triple-A) engine [31], a phases model of pathological Internet use by Grohol [32], and a comprehensive model of the development and maintenance of Internet addiction by Winkler Dà ¶rsing [24], which takes into account socio-cultural factors (e.g., demographic factors, access to and acceptance of the Internet), biological vulnerabilities (e.g., genetic factors, abnormalities in neurochemical processes), psychological predispositions (e.g., personality characteristics, negative affects), and specific attributes of the Internet to explain â€Å"excessive engagement in Internet activities† [24]. NEUROBIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES It is known that addictions activate a combination of sites in the brain associated with pleasure, known together as the â€Å"reward center† or â€Å"pleasure pathway† of the brain [33, 34]. When activated, dopamine release is increased, along with opiates and other neurochemicals. Over time, the associated receptors may be affected, producing tolerance or the need for increasing stimulation of the reward center to produce a â€Å"high† and the subsequent characteristic behavior patterns needed to avoid withdrawal. Internet use may also lead specifically to dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens [35, 36], one of the reward structures of the brain specifically involved in other addictions [20]. An example of the rewarding nature of digital technology use may be captured in the following statement by a 21 year-old male in treatment for IAD: â€Å"I feel technology has brought so much joy into my life. No other activity relaxes me or stimulates me like technolo gy. However, when depression hits, I tend to use technology as a way  of retreating and isolating.† REINFORCEMENT/REWARD What is so rewarding about Internet and video game use that it could become an addiction? The theory is that digital technology users experience multiple layers of reward when they use various computer applications. The Internet functions on a variable ratio reinforcement schedule (VRRS), as does gambling [29]. Whatever the application (general surfing, pornography, chat rooms, message boards, social networking sites, video games, email, texting, cloud applications and games, etc.), these activities support unpredictable and variable reward structures. The reward experienced is intensified when combined with mood enhancing/stimulating content. Examples of this would be pornography (sexual stimulation), video games (e.g. various social rewards, identification with a hero, immersive graphics), dating sites (romantic fantasy), online poker (financial) and special interest chat rooms or message boards (sense of belonging) [29, 37]. BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITION There is increasing evidence that there can be a genetic predisposition to addictive behaviors [38, 39]. The theory is that individuals with this predisposition do not have an adequate number of dopamine receptors or have an insufficient amount of serotonin/dopamine [2], thereby having difficulty experiencing normal levels of pleasure in activities that most people would find rewarding. To increase pleasure, these individuals are more likely to seek greater than average engagement in behaviors that stimulate an increase in dopamine, effectively giving them more reward but placing them at higher risk for addiction. MENTAL HEALTH VULNERABILITIES Many researchers and clinicians have noted that a variety of mental disorders co-occur with IAD. There is debate about which came first, the addiction or the co-occurring disorder [18, 40]. The study by Dong et al. [40] had at least the potential to clarify this question, reporting that higher scores for depression, anxiety, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, and psychoticism were consequences of IAD. But due to the limitations of the study further research is necessary. THE TREATMENT OF INTERNET ADDICTION There is a general consensus that total abstinence from the Internet should not be the goal of the interventions and that instead, an abstinence from problematic applications and a controlled and balanced Internet usage should be achieved [6]. The following paragraphs illustrate the various treatment options for IAD that exist today. Unless studies examining the efficacy of the illustrated treatments are not available, findings on the efficacy of the presented treatments are also provided. Unfortunately, most of the treatment studies were of low methodological quality and used an intra-group design. The general lack of treatment studies notwithstanding, there are treatment guidelines reported by clinicians working in the field of IAD. In her book â€Å"Internet Addiction: Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment†, Young [41] offers some treatment strategies which are already known from the cognitive-behavioral approach: (a) practice opposite time of Internet use (discover patientâ €™s patterns of Internet use and disrupt these patterns by suggesting new schedules), (b) use external stoppers (real events or activities prompting the patient to log off), (c) set goals (with regard to the amount of time), (d) abstain from a particular application (that the client is unable to control), (e) use reminder cards (cues that remind the patient of the costs of IAD and benefits of breaking it), (f) develop a personal inventory (shows all the activities that the patient used to engage in or can’t find the time due to IAD), (g) enter a support group (compensates for a lack of social support), and (h) engage in family therapy (addresses relational problems in the family) [41]. Unfortunately, clinical evidence for the efficacy of these strategies is not mentioned. Non-psychological Approaches Some authors examine pharmacological interventions for IAD, perhaps due to the fact that clinicians use psychopharmacology to treat IAD despite the lack of treatment studies addressing the efficacy of pharmacological treatments. In particular, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used because of the co-morbid psychiatric symptoms of IAD (e.g. depression and anxiety) for which SSRIs have been found to be effective [42-46]. Escitalopram (a SSRI) was used by Dell’Osso et al. [47] to treat 14 subjects with impulsive-compulsive Internet usage disorder. Internet usage  decreased significantly from a mean of 36.8 hours/week to a baseline of 16.5 hours/week. In another study Han, Hwang, and Renshaw [48] used bupropion (a non-tricyclic antidepressant) and found a decrease of craving for Internet video game play, total game play time, and cue-induced brain activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after a six week period of bupropion sustained release treatment. Methylphenidate (a psycho stimulant drug) was used by Han et al. [49] to treat 62 Internet video game-playing children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. After eight weeks of treatment, the YIAS-K scores and Internet usage times were significantly reduced and the authors cautiously suggest that methylphenidate might be evaluated as a potential treatment of IAD. According to a study by Shapira et al. [50], mood stabilizers might also improve the symptoms of IAD. In addition to these studies, there are some case reports of patients treated with escitalopram [45], citalopram (SSRI)- quetiapine (antipsychotic) combination [43] and naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist) [51]. A few authors mentioned that physical exercise could compensate the decrease of the dopamine level due to decreased online usage [52]. In addition, sports exercise prescriptions used in the course of cognitive behavioral group therapy may enhance the effect of the intervention for IAD [53]. Psychological Approaches Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client-centered yet directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving client ambivalence [54]. It was developed to help individuals give up addictive behaviors and learn new behavioral skills, using techniques such as open-ended questions, reflective listening, affirmation, and summarization to help individuals express their concerns about change [55]. Unfortunately, there are currently no studies addressing the efficacy of MI in treating IAD, but MI seems to be moderately effective in the areas of alcohol, drug addiction, and diet/exercise problems [56]. Peukert et al. [7] suggest that interventions with family members or other relatives like â€Å"Community Reinforcement and Family Training† [57] could be useful in enhancing the motivation of an addict to cut back on Internet use, although the reviewers remark that control studies with relatives do not exist to date. Reality therapy (RT) is supposed t o encourage individuals to choose to improve their  lives by committing to change their behavior. It includes sessions to show clients that addiction is a choice and to give them training in time management; it also introduces alternative activities to the problematic behavior [58]. According to Kim [58], RT is a core addiction recovery tool that offers a wide variety of uses as a treatment for addictive disorders such as drugs, sex, food, and works as well for the Internet. In his RT group counseling program treatment study, Kim [59] found that the treatment program effectively reduced addiction level and improved self-esteem of 25 Internet-addicted university students in Korea. Twohig and Crosby [60] used an Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) protocol including several exercises adjusted to better fit the issues with which the sample struggles to treat six adult males suffering from problematic Internet pornography viewing. The treatment resulted in an 85% reduction in viewing at post-treatment with results being maintained at the three month follow-up (83% reduction in viewing pornography). Widyanto and Griffith [8] report that most of the treatments employed so far had utilized a cognitive-behavioral approach. The case for using cognitive-behavioral therap y (CBT) is justified due to the good results in the treatment of other behavioral addictions/impulse-control disorders, such as pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating-disorders [61]. Wà ¶lfling [5] described a predominantly behavioral group treatment including identification of sustaining conditions, establishing of intrinsic motivation to reduce the amount of time being online, learning alternative behaviors, engagement in new social real-life contacts, psycho-education and exposure therapy, but unfortunately clinical evidence for the efficacy of these strategies is not mentioned. In her study, Young [62] used CBT to treat 114 clients suffering from IAD and found that participants were better able to manage their presenting problems post-treatment, showing improved motivation to stop abusing the Internet, improved ability to control their computer use, improved ability to function in offline relationships, improved ability to abstain from sexually explicit online material, improved ability to engage in offline activities, and improved ability to achieve sobriety from problematic applications. Cao, Su and Gao [63] investigated the effect of group CBT on 29 middl e school students with IAD and found that IAD scores of the experimental group were lower than of the control group  after treatment. The authors also reported improvement in psychological function. Thirty-eight adolescents with IAD were treated with CBT designed particularly for addicted adolescents by Li and Dai [64]. They found that CBT has good effects on the adolescents with IAD (CIAS scores in the therapy group were significant lower than that in the control group). In the experimental group the scores of depression, anxiety, compulsiveness, self-blame, illusion, and retreat were significantly decreased after treatment. Zhu, Jin, and Zhong [65] compared CBT and electro acupuncture (EA) plus CBT assigning forty-seven patients with IAD to one of the two groups respectively. The authors found that CBT alone or combined with EA can significantly reduce the score of IAD and anxiety on a self-rating scale and improve self-conscious health status in patients with IAD, but the effect obtained by the combined therapy was better. Multimodal Treatments A multimodal treatment approach is characterized by the implementation of several different types of treatment in some cases even from different disciplines such as pharmacology, psychotherapy and family counseling simultaneously or sequentially. Orzack and Orzack [66] mentioned that treatments for IAD need to be multidisciplinary including CBT, psychotropic medication, family therapy, and case managers, because of the complexity of these patients’ problems. In their treatment study, Du, Jiang, and Vance [67] found that multimodal school-based group CBT (including parent training, teacher education, and group CBT) was effective for adolescents with IAD (n = 23), particularly in improving emotional state and regulation ability, behavioral and self-management style. The effect of another multimodal intervention consisting of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), family therapy, and CT was investigated among 52 adolescents with IAD in China. After three months of treatment, the scores on an IAD scale (IAD-DQ), the scores on the SCL-90, and the amount of time spent online decreased significantly [68]. Orzack et al. [69] used a psychoeducational program, which combines psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral theoretical perspectives, using a combination of Readiness to Change (RtC), CBT and MI interventions to treat a group of 35 men involved in problematic Internet-enabled sexual behavior (IESB). In this group treatment, the quality of life increased and the level of depressive symptoms decreased  after 16 (weekly) treatment sessions, but the level of problematic Internet use failed to decrease significantly [69]. Internet addiction related symptom scores significantly decreased after a group of 23 middle school students with IAD were treated with Behavioral Therapy (BT) or CT, detoxification treatment, psychosocial rehabilitation, personality modeling and parent training [70]. Therefore, the authors concluded that psychotherapy, in particular CT and BT were effective in treating middle school students with IAD. Shek, Tang, and Lo [71] described a multi-level counseling program designed for young people with IAD based on the responses of 59 clients. Findings of this study suggest this multi-level counseling program (including counseling, MI, family perspective, case work and group work) is promising to help young people with IAD. Internet addiction symptom scores significantly decreased, but the program failed to increase psychological well-being significantly. A six-week group counseling program (including CBT, social competence training, training of self-control strategies and training of communication skills) was shown to be effective on 24 Internet-addicted college students in China [72]. The authors reported that the adapted CIAS-R scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group post-treatment. The reSTART Program The authors of this article are currently, or have been, affiliated with the reSTART: Internet Addiction Recovery Program [73] in Fall City, Washington. The reSTART program is an inpatient Internet addiction recovery program which integrates technology detoxification (no technology for 45 to 90 days), drug and alcohol treatment, 12 step work, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), experiential adventure based therapy, Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT), brain enhancing interventions, animal assisted therapy, motivational interviewing (MI), mindfulness based relapse prevention (MBRP), Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR), interpersonal group psychotherapy, individual psychotherapy, individualized treatments for co-occurring disorders, psycho- educational groups (life visioning, addiction education, communication and assertiveness training, social skills, life skills, Life balance plan), aftercare treatments (monitoring of technology use, ongoing psychotherapy and group work), a nd continuing care (outpatient treatment) in an individualized, holistic approach. The first  results from an ongoing OQ45.2 [74] study (a self-reported measurement of subjective discomfort, interpersonal relationships and social role performance assessed on a weekly basis) of the short-term impact on 19 adults who complete the 45+ days program showed an improved score after treatment. Seventy-four percent of participants showed significant clinical improvement, 21% of participants showed no reliable change, and 5% deteriorated. The results have to be regarded as preliminary due to the small study sample, the self-report measurement and the lack of a control group. Despite these limitations, there is evidence that the program is responsible for most of the improvements demonstrated. CONCLUSION As can be seen from this brief review, the field of Internet addiction is advancing rapidly even without its official recognition as a separate and distinct behavioral addiction and with continuing disagreement over diagnostic criteria. The ongoing debate whether IAD should be classified as an (behavioral) addiction, an impulse-control disorder or even an obsessive compulsive disorder cannot be satisfactorily resolved in this paper. But the symptoms we observed in clinical practice show a great deal of overlap with the symptoms commonly associated with (behavioral) addictions. Also it remains unclear to this day whether the underlying mechanisms responsible for the addictive behavior are the same in different types of IAD (e.g., online sexual addiction, online gaming, and excessive surfing). From our practical perspective the different shapes of IAD fit in one category, due to various Internet specific commonalities (e.g., anonymity, riskless interaction), commonalities in the underlying behavior (e.g., avoidance, fear, pleasure, entertainment) and overlapping symptoms (e.g., the increased amount of time spent online, preoccupation and other signs of addiction). Nevertheless more research has to be done to substantiate our clinical impression. Despite several methodological limitations, the strength of this work in comparison to other reviews in the international body of literature addressing the definition, classification, assessment, epidemiology, and co-morbidity of IAD [2-5], and to reviews [6-8] addressing the treatment of IAD, is that it connects theoretical considerations with the clinical practice of interdisciplinary mental health experts working for years in the field of Internet addiction. Furthermore, the current work gives a good  overview of the current state of research in the field of internet addiction treatment. Despite the limitations stated above this work gives a brief overview of the current state of research on IAD from a practical perspective and can therefore be seen as an important and helpful paper for further research as well as for clinical practice in particular.

explain ho wchristians put these ideas into practice :: essays research papers

Believing in helping and assisting less privileged people than ourselves is one thing but putting these beliefs into practice is another. Many people often have these ideas of how they may be able to help people but a lot of them never actually do it and at the most may put five pounds into a collection tin. There are many things that can be done where you can personally help and experience the cause you are helping. ‘Go, sell everything you have and give to the poor and you will have treasure in heaven’ this quote represents the most basic thing people do for charity; giving to charity. Most people do this but not to the lengths this quote encourages people to do. People nowadays would not be willing enough to give up all their possessions to help the poor. There are a few exceptions. People like St Mother Teresa gave up everything and went and lived in poverty with the sick and the poor to teach them about the bible and to teach them English, maths and skills to ease the hardship on their lives. Another very basic thing people do where available is buy fair trade products. A lot of the time farmers are unable to break even in their farming so they spend more money on the actual farming as they get in return for their products. Because of this, people often get drawn into the cycle of poverty. There are hundreds of fair trade products available. For example you can buy fair trade chocolate which is often a lot nicer than unfair trade chocolate from a producer like Nestle who are being investigated for encouraging exploitation of the poor in LEDC’s. Overall fair Trade is not about charity. It's about paying a fair price for the products that we use, eat and wear. It ensures that you get top quality goods and the people who produce them get paid fairly. It's a practical solution to many of the problems that keep the world's poorest people in poor. One of the more involving activities people do to help the poor and less fortunate is to go and be an aid worker in another country. Either to go and help as a medical worker or as one who delivers aid to the needy and helps to teach new skills to help people in life. ‘Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse those who have leprosy and drive out demons.

Does covergirl test on animals

Animals can be subject to pain, lack and hardship when inserted into the conditions needed to test them. Cosmetic animal testing is cruel alternative of doing real research and find out what products really nuisances people. There are many cosmetic companies that test on animals, including many major brands. Every day, the cosmetic companies that experiments on animals are subjected to a variety of animals those cruel and inhumane attitudes. Over the years, the number of wins by animal rights campaigns and lots of already tested on animals to stop.In late 1980 and early 1990, there are many leading companies to stop testing cosmetics on animals in response to negative publicity from animal rights groups. Moreover, in recent years the interest in sustainable products both companies eco-friendly and animal’s cosmetics have more burden to stop testing on animals. However, despite interest in cruelty cosmetics for the practice of cosmetic companies that test on animals, there are many cosmetic companies involved in this cases. Top cosmetic companies that test on animals are Maybelline.Maybelline is one of the largest cosmetic companies that test on animals. When it comes to market share, Maybelline has a market share of 7. 4% in the world of cosmetics. Not like the other companies that have stopped animal testing over the years, Maybelline has continued to test on animals. Secondly is L'Oreal, the greater share of the world market of cosmetics with the 5. 3% market share. The company was also the subject of animal rights campaigns, because it is one of the main cosmetic companies that test on animals.The group called L’Oreal Nature watches continue to criticized the current boycott L'Oreal Company argues that even gives animal tests in 1989. Nature watch show that while L'Oreal will no longer be able to test finished products on animals, the ingredients tested on animals. Lancome has a market share of 4% of the world and, inappropriately, one of the c osmetic companies that test on animals. Like other cosmetic companies that test on animals, has done a lot of web sites that keep trash of companies that use animal testing and is commonly avoided by those whom wishing to be considerate consumers.Max Factor has a 2. 8% share of the world market, it is sufficient to include it among the major cosmetic companies that test on animals. The company has been targeted by animal rights activists over the years, both relating to animal testing for cosmetic products, as well as the fact that Max Factor parent company Procter ;amp; Gamble-test a variety of animal products. Cover Girl has a 2. 7% share of the world market, the number of high-ranking enough to five major cosmetic companies that test on animals. As for Max Factor, Cover Girl is owned by Procter ;amp; Gamble, which has tested several products on animals.Although Procter and Gamble claimed that stopped animal testing for 80% of its products, continues to test various products on an imals. In addition to these companies, there are many other cosmetic companies that test on animals. The products are not tested on animals in General clearly labeled. There are millions of animals that have suffered violent, painful death in the name of research. Live animals such as human beings, but people seem to think that animals are just mere tools at their disposal. The types of animal testing research are medical, surgical, and cosmetic testing.For years researchers have been using animals as test tool for human drugs. People say that using animals, we are getting closer to finding a cure for cancer, but in fact, all the researchers found was a cure for cancer in rats, but it just does not work in humans, according to the former head of the U. S. National Cancer Institute. Animals and humans built different, because these animals do not get sick in the same way that people do. Every year in the United States alone, there are more than 100,000 human deaths caused by drugs al l have successfully passed the test animals.Since all that extensive research has failed, it has been a waste of time that could have been spent using alternative test will be more reliable and accurate for medical research. Surgery is another form of animal testing where prepared animal cut open the stomach just to see how they work as if they were some kind of machine. Type or analyzed animals in schools which are frogs, cats, dogs, pigs, rats, rabbits, fish, worms, and insects. Frogs taken from the wild and other animals taken from carnage houses, animal shelter, pound, pet stores, and are also free to good home ads.A PETA undercover investigator in one of the country’s largest supplier of animals to be used for the operation had been told by his supervisor that some cats are killed have become animal companions have ran away from their homes and the fact that students do experiments on animals other one and only. Animals used for surgery being blasted, and sometimes, they were brought out alive and in pain only to be injected with formaldehyde, which is harshly irritating caustic substance that causes a painful death.Students who dissect animals are sensitive to the sanctity of life, and surgery can encourage students to killed animals elsewhere, perhaps in their own backyard. Animals adequate to live their lives the way they naturally planned for. Cosmetics industry uses animals to determine their security products. As a result of testing done, millions of animals suffer a painful to death. A type of test used on animals called irritancy test where liquid, granule, flake, or powdered substance falls into albino rabbit eye group.Because of this, irritated rabbit eyes become swollen and may bleed. Even though rabbits alive and aware, almost fifty percent of the test animals death usually within 2 or 3 weeks. There is another type of test done to establish what skin care products are safe for humans called skin irritancy test. Those tests are mostly c onducted in rabbits and guinea pigs. This is processes that involves shaving the animal and put chemicals on raw skin and cover their bare skin with adhesive plaster. Animals will be moving in the block device to prevent them from fighting.This form of the test may be far worst child; these animals that undergo test only for a new lipstick or perfume live in enclosures, small crowded in fear or pain and suffering. Animals have different biological systems or human testing may not be as accurate. A cosmetic testing on animals is not only offensive, but also it is also very expensive. Alternative test can maintain the same amount of data, and less expensive and not cruel to animals. The fact that people take small animals that are unable to punish them, just so people can make themselves look and feel better is just wide of the mark.There is a more logical way of testing described above. Test more accurate and less offensive to living things, such as â€Å"synthetic skin,† call ed Corrosive, computer modeling and numerical Marine Local Lymph Node Assay design better, (LLNA). It is a proven fact that animals feel pain just like humans, but we still think its okay torture and kill animals in the name of science. If this is the man that researchers have used it will be considered unethical and immoral. We must end the cruelty and torture for this because as humans, animals, wildlife.No matter how it is viewed, it is cruel and unusual punishment. The soul is the same in all living things, and even the body of each is different. If people would take the time and attract what this quote really means, then maybe they will have a better respect and understanding for animals and see why animal testing is morally wrong, and torment beings who can’t speak for themselves. If scientists can find a way to find out what materials people react negatively to, there would be no need to test on animals.

National honor society Essay

Being a member of National Honor Society is a highly prestigious honor and made me standout from my fellow peers. My hard work throughout my three years of high school pays off when I was inducted to NHS. National Honor Society recognized all the hard work you did but not only academics but also helped me in areas such as scholarship, leadership, service and character. To be selected and be a part of national honor society is not an honor but a privilege. Scholarship in high school for colleges is something as student is very difficult to achieve especially when you are competing with millions of people, it sometimes very hard or close to impossible to receive. National Honor Society helps us become closer to that and maintaining an 85 or higher grade point average help many students to get close to the standard of scholarship. Above that scholarship also help students like me, who can really can’t afford that much money to pay for college but want to go college. It gives us an opportunity to get a little help because of our grade. Leadership is a big matter of my life, being in the leadership class I know leader does not mean to take control or boss other people around. Being a leader meaning listening to other voice, having faith in people and other members having trust on me. I showed my leadership at prom fashion show last year, I helped out with the tickets and the snacks. To me leadership in national honor society doesn’t really have to be about become an officer but basically listening to other and working as a team to make this year the one. Service is an important part of National Honor Society , in order to be induct in national honor society you have to do x amount of service hours. This basically help us became well rounded and give us a chance to give back to the society. I remember last year I volunteer at Boy and girls clubs, can food drive, help with fashion show and in addition I did service for Mr. Barnett. I also did service out of school like baby sat my friend disable sister, and helped my brother with homework. It made me realize helping and caring for other is a big part of one’s life in order to succeed and reach goals. When volunteering to help one in need, it helps me to get in  touch with my inner self. Lastly but not least is character, mostly of my peer members in national honor society I see every day, and I work hard towards getting along with everyone I meet without coming off to strong. Being in NHS I have experienced and inspired as a waitress, caring, and being considerate. If I were to explain my character I believe it would be endeavor my ways to becoming a better human being. Being a student with 92 GPA, I have to say my character build up every day because I learn something new on a daily basis. NHS helps me to build or improve my character because the members are so different and extremely pleasant. To wrap it up, I strive on overcoming all problems that I will later face in life and set my aim to leading, helping others, and making right decision builds upon my character. NHS is a way for me to start achieves goals. Throughout my years as a john Adams High School student, I believe that I have demonstrated all of these attributes.

Masters of Their Domain essays

Masters of Their Domain essays The similarities between The Eagle, by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and Hawk Roosting, by Ted Hughes, are far more prominent than the differences. There is one glaring contradiction between the two poems. The hawk is an accomplished killer whereas the eagle is just perched ready for dinner only to kill when he has to. Both masters of their domain, perched in areas of high surveillance, these two very similar birds are portrayed as opposites by the authors. The eagle is a laid back, silent leader who is on top of his kingdom. He is defiantly an aged leader in that the poem talks of his crooked hands, also using words like, Ringed, and wrinkled, in describing him. I also noticed, which I believe is the biggest difference, the leadership qualities shown by each bird. The Eagle, is a silent, lead-by-example, kind of leader. He just sits on his high perch, watching and waiting, for the next bit of prey to invade his territory. Even in that, prey is not his big worry, he is just taking in his surroundings beauty. The azure world, wrinkled sea beneath, and mountain walls, are just a few glimpses into his world that the author gives us to picture. On the other hand, the hawk comes across as more of an outspoken, dictator type leader. He has to kill often to show his power, where the first, as I have stated, shows his power in different ways. In describing the hawk, the author says more of his killing and ways of killing, to describe him. Rehearse perfect kills and eat, and, My manners are tearing off heads, are just a few of the examples used. Another characteristic that jumps out at you about the hawk is the way he describes his surroundings or territory. Now I hold creation in my foot, and I kill where I please because it is all mine, are the tw ...

Free Essays on Hammurabi’s Code Of Laws

Hammurabis punishments are far more severe than those of today. A good example of this is his first law which imbeds slander. It states,†If anyone ensnare another, putting a ban upon them, but he cannot prove it, then he that ensnared him shall be put to death,† compared with today’s punishment of the same crime this seems a little extreme. Death is punishment for most every crime imaginable in Hammurabi’s time, but I suppose if people are scared to death, they are less likely to do something wrong. I dont know what people thought of these laws back then, but I can guarantee that they didn’t tell him about it. These Code of Laws never gave any person whom committed a crime a second chance, which also refers to not being able to prove the charge, for example â€Å"If anyone brings an accusation of any crime before the elders and does prove what he was charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death. The word put do death was used in about 94 % of his laws. It seems he used it to give people a fair warning, but never had an explanation for any of them. This automatically shows that all Hammurabi’s written laws were unequal and unfair. To demonstrate some of these examples are â€Å"If a judge try a case, reach a decision, and present his judgment in writing; if later error shall appear in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly removed from the judge’s bench, and never again shall he sit there to render judgment. My second example is â€Å"If anyone buy from the son or the slave of another man, without witnesses or a contract, silver or gold, a male or female slave, an ox or a sheep, an ass or anything, or if he take it in charge, he is considered a thief and shall be put to death. Next is â€Å"If anyone steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to ... Free Essays on Hammurabi’s Code Of Laws Free Essays on Hammurabi’s Code Of Laws Hammurabis punishments are far more severe than those of today. A good example of this is his first law which imbeds slander. It states,†If anyone ensnare another, putting a ban upon them, but he cannot prove it, then he that ensnared him shall be put to death,† compared with today’s punishment of the same crime this seems a little extreme. Death is punishment for most every crime imaginable in Hammurabi’s time, but I suppose if people are scared to death, they are less likely to do something wrong. I dont know what people thought of these laws back then, but I can guarantee that they didn’t tell him about it. These Code of Laws never gave any person whom committed a crime a second chance, which also refers to not being able to prove the charge, for example â€Å"If anyone brings an accusation of any crime before the elders and does prove what he was charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death. The word put do death was used in about 94 % of his laws. It seems he used it to give people a fair warning, but never had an explanation for any of them. This automatically shows that all Hammurabi’s written laws were unequal and unfair. To demonstrate some of these examples are â€Å"If a judge try a case, reach a decision, and present his judgment in writing; if later error shall appear in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly removed from the judge’s bench, and never again shall he sit there to render judgment. My second example is â€Å"If anyone buy from the son or the slave of another man, without witnesses or a contract, silver or gold, a male or female slave, an ox or a sheep, an ass or anything, or if he take it in charge, he is considered a thief and shall be put to death. Next is â€Å"If anyone steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to ...

Definition and Examples of Subjects in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Subjects in English Grammar In English grammar, the subject is the part of a sentence or clause that commonly indicates (a) what it is about, or (b) who or what performs the action (that is, the agent). The subject is typically a noun  (The dog . . .), a  noun phrase  (My sisters Yorkshire terrier . . .), or a  pronoun  (It . . .). The subject pronouns are  I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who,  and  whoever. In a declarative sentence, the subject usually appears before the verb (The dog  barks). In an interrogative sentence, the subject usually follows the first part of a verb (Does the dog  ever bark?). In an  imperative sentence, the subject is commonly  said to be you understood (Bark!).  Its etymology is from the Latin, to throw. How to Identify the Subject The clearest way of spotting the subject of a sentence is to turn the sentence into a yes-no question (by this we mean a question which can be answered with either yes or no). In English, questions are formed by reversing the order between the subject and the first verb which follows it. Look at the following example: He can keep a Tamagotchi alive for more than a week. The appropriate question here if we want a yes or no as an answer is: Can he keep a Tamagotchi alive for more than a week? Here he and can have changed places and that means that he must be the subject in the first sentence. . . .If there is no suitable verb in the original sentence, then use dummy do, and the subject is the constituent which occurs between do and the original verb.(Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2010) Subject Examples and Observations The Grinch hated Christmas.(Dr. Seuss, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! 1957)We should take Bikini Bottom and push it somewhere else!(Patrick in Squid on Strike.  SpongeBob  SquarePants,  2001)Momma was preparing our evening meal, and  Uncle Willie leaned on  the door sill.(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. 1969)My master made me this collar. He is a good and smart master, and he made me this collar so that I may speak.(Dug in Up, 2009)The saber-toothed  tiger was prowling around the bottom of the tree, growling, as it looked for an easier way up. Then something caught its attention.(Damian Harvey, The Mudcrusts:  Saber-Toothed Terrors.  2010)Sophie was especially excited because she  and her friends were  performing the opening dance at the Misty Wood fair.(Lily Small, Sophie the Squirrel.  2017)Fettucini alfredo is macaroni and cheese for adults.(Mitch Hedberg)You cant try to do things; you simply must do them.(Ray Bradbury)Great spirits have alway s encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds.(Albert Einstein) Look at the circles under my eyes. I havent slept in weeks!(The Cowardly Lion in The Wizard of Oz, 1939)The orderly came back in a few minutes with a rifle and five cartridges, and meanwhile some Burmans had arrived and told us that the elephant was in the paddy fields below, only a few hundred yards away.(George Orwell, Shooting an Elephant. New Writing, 1936)Up to the farmhouse to dinner through the teeming, dusty field, the road under our sneakers was only a two-track road.(E.B. White, Once More to the Lake. Harpers, 1941)To do the thing properly, with any hope of ending up with a genuine duplicate of a single person, you really have no choice. You must clone them all.(Lewis Thomas, The Tucson Zoo)Every sentence has a truth waiting at the end of it, and the writer learns how to know it when he finally gets there.(Don DeLillo, Mao II. 1991) Challenging Traditional Definitions of a SubjectThe traditional definition of subject as referring to the doer of an action (or agent), though it is adequate for central or typical cases, will not work for all cases. For example, in passive sentences, such as John was attacked, the subject is John, but John is certainly not the doer of the attacking. Again, not all sentences, even those with transitive verbs, express any action. Examples are This book cost fifty francs and I loathe relativism. But such sentences have always traditionally been held to have subjects (in these cases, this book and I).(James R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. 1994) Subjects and Predicates in Poetry[Robert] Frosts Dust of Snow justifies its form by devoting one stanza to the grammatical subject and the other to the predicate: The way a crowShook down on meThe dust of snowFrom a hemlock treeHas given my heartA change of moodAnd saved some partOf a day I had rued. (Paul Fussell, Poetic Meter and Poetic Form, 1979)

Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Memo - Assignment Example Most of the times the clients do not know the technicalities involved in ones job. Clients expect the job to be completed in high standards. In the case of side tracks from schedule, the professional should assure the customer that all is well and avoid mentioning the main course of side track. The information relayed should be well organized and to the point. The client only needs the crucial part of the communication and not the details of the delay. This helps save the image of the company. The communication, format, plays a big role and helps portray the professional image of the company (Baugh 45). Company logo is important on the memo to assure trust - A memo to the customer is written on behalf of the company and should portray the company logo. This assures the confidence of the client in the company and increases his trust in the communicated message. Visual aids such as font sizes and color are critical for an official communication. They help to emphasize the information relayed. The memo is an official document, the recommended font size is twelve block style. This emphasizes on the fact that it is an official document (Mathur

Zoot Suit Movie Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Zoot Suit Movie Critique - Essay Example Henry Reyna being the leader of an American-Mexicans group is sent to prison without any substantial evidence over the death of a man in Sleepy Lagoon, Jose Williams. Lawyer George Shearer and Editor Alice begin to fight for the release and the rights of the alleged murderers. Henry and his friends thereby receive an unjust and unfair treatment from the court system as they are sentenced to a period in prison, even though evidential statements indicate that William was killed by the Downey gang. Zoot Suit is mainly based on factual events that surrounded the Hispanic gang members for the killings in Los Angeles in the year 1942 and the demonstrations that ensued right after their arrest. Henry Reyna and his friends, a 38th street gang member went to have fun, and in the process collided with its rival crew, the Downey. Rudy, Henry’s brother provoked a commotion and a fight commenced between the two groups. Henry, later on, his way home confused a commotion, caused by the Downey gang to a party at Williams the Ranch. After some few days, Henry and his friends are arrested and unfairly sentenced over the murder of William. Zoot Suit incorporates drama to emphasize on some specific themes that are currently relative. The drama does an exploration of family relationships and the burden of a child’s growth in racially discriminating environments. The social themes depicted in the play include tragic results from gang violence, injustices, racial discrimination and oppression.

Should returning veterans be given preference on police hiring lists Term Paper

Should returning veterans be given preference on police hiring lists - Term Paper Example Nonetheless, in these circumstances, many of the returning veterans try to join other jobs again in order to bring back normalcy in their life. In relation to this context, there are a number of federal laws that been enacted for these s veterans. These federal laws have acted as an important protection for veterans with disabilities who are searching for new jobs or are already in the workplace. Consequently, these federal laws have been differentiated into two parts under title I. These two parts of federal laws under title I include Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which is applied by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in order to protect private, state along with local government employees from being discriminated on the subject of disability. On the other hand, the other law is Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) which is acting as a protection for reemploying veterans with and without services2. THESIS STATEMENT This stu dy intends to provide valid justifications with regard to the context that returning army veterans should be given preference on police hiring lists. The validity of the opinion would be ascertained with the aid of practical instances of the present provisions in place for re-hiring veterans in the nation. JUSTIFICATION Arguments in Favor. It can be argued that returning army veterans ought to be given preference on police hiring lists primarily because of their prior experience in dealing with the challenges that might have to be faced while serving in the police force. Ex-army servicemen can be a perfect entrant into a police hiring list. While army, police and security forces may possess the most directly applicable skill set, service members from a variety of occupational specialists are also well suited to police service. Moreover, the army veterans are more disciplined about their duty for the nation and they possess an in-depth understanding regarding the intricacies associat ed with the services. They are generally extremely committed about their assigned roles and responsibilities as during their tenure in army they need to deal with major challenges along with taking prompt decisions that might be quite beneficial in police services as well. Furthermore, army veterans are generally extremely physically fit and get toughened up while serving the armed forces. Army veterans also become quite matured psychologically and they can easily handle their emotion, which might be a key factor while executing an assortment of activities in police force. In this regard, it can be further evaluated that returning veterans possess vast amount of technical knowledge and valuable skills as well as they have the ability to lead others. Army veterans have always given attention to details and they are able to deal with war time scenarios efficiently that may benefit the police services. On the other hand, if the police forces are hiring students or any other persons for the police services then they might have to face certain problems because these individuals living at home at time possess little life experiences. These young people generally have no experiences and no skills with arms. Moreover, they at times lack in terms of depicting required leadership skills

International Business Strategy - Protectionism Essay

International Business Strategy - Protectionism - Essay Example Economic integration leads to openness and openness triggers volatility leading to insecurity. To alleviate the fears, to provide security to the local firms, the governments need to have a protectionist attitude (Fitoussi, 2007). Protectionism interferes in the process of globalization as it puts strict limits on the interplay of free markets. In fact, the rise of protectionism led to the end of the first phase of globalization. The MNEs, however, attempt to overcome the host country protectionism through different ways. Protectionism implies that the government in the emerging economies will not let growth slow down. It will use the instruments of economic policy which assures to reduce the uncertainty linked with investment (Fitoussi, 2007). It also helps to increase the dynamism in the labor market. Protectionism definitely helps the â€Å"infant† industries in emerging markets. It fosters the long-term rate of growth of developing countries. Nevertheless, if these economies have to be integrated into the world economy, it requires a richer industrial structure. The fiscal and social receipts are too low and the welfare state is embryonic. Protectionism would allow it to develop a richer industrial structure and to provide through tariffs the necessary public funds to build a social system. Trade protection has to be there for the developing nations to eventually integrate into the world economy. Shiva (2005) is of the firm conviction that trade liberalization does not lead to development. â€Å"Aid for Trade† is merely a coercive imposition of trade liberalization by WTO, the World Bank, and IMF. These tactics enable the MNC’s to expand and enlarge in every sector - agriculture, services, manufacturing. Protectionism is justified because development should be endogenous and not imposed with conditions.

Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Nursing - Assignment Example The article did bring out the role of public health department in the health of the community. Some of the activities of the activities of these nurses to the community outlined in the article include control of communicable diseases, administration of immunization, prevention of chronic diseases, family planning awareness and provision of safe food and drinking water to persons affected (Carolyn & Karen, 2011). The article clearly outlines the ability and potentials possessed by these groups of health workers. Public health nurses in the community based in creates safety networking by with other community agencies, identify risks affecting the community and intervene to provide solutions where possible, provision of health education especially to vulnerable population, and identify the problem and provide solutions before the problem advances. The author brought out challenges facing these groups of workers in the course of delivering their services, which affects effectiveness and fulfillment of their role. Lack of job security and inadequate staffing emerged as the serious problems affecting them. The author’s conclusion on the issue of public health nurses indicate that there are adequate resources and facilities are provided for effective service delivery and effective utilization of resources (Carolyn & Karen, 2011). The article managed to bring out and clearly demonstrates the striking issues affecting public health nurses and the efforts instilled to solve these issues, imposition of cost effective systems for disease prevention and health improvement of the community’s health. Having knowledge and understanding about the community is significant for health nurses, since policy makers and health planners when dealing with matters affecting the community will use the information. Community involvement by these groups of persons in meeting their welfare and ensuring that the needs of the community are met is an issue to

International Business Strategy - Protectionism Essay

International Business Strategy - Protectionism - Essay Example Economic integration leads to openness and openness triggers volatility leading to insecurity. To alleviate the fears, to provide security to the local firms, the governments need to have a protectionist attitude (Fitoussi, 2007). Protectionism interferes in the process of globalization as it puts strict limits on the interplay of free markets. In fact, the rise of protectionism led to the end of the first phase of globalization. The MNEs, however, attempt to overcome the host country protectionism through different ways. Protectionism implies that the government in the emerging economies will not let growth slow down. It will use the instruments of economic policy which assures to reduce the uncertainty linked with investment (Fitoussi, 2007). It also helps to increase the dynamism in the labor market. Protectionism definitely helps the â€Å"infant† industries in emerging markets. It fosters the long-term rate of growth of developing countries. Nevertheless, if these economies have to be integrated into the world economy, it requires a richer industrial structure. The fiscal and social receipts are too low and the welfare state is embryonic. Protectionism would allow it to develop a richer industrial structure and to provide through tariffs the necessary public funds to build a social system. Trade protection has to be there for the developing nations to eventually integrate into the world economy. Shiva (2005) is of the firm conviction that trade liberalization does not lead to development. â€Å"Aid for Trade† is merely a coercive imposition of trade liberalization by WTO, the World Bank, and IMF. These tactics enable the MNC’s to expand and enlarge in every sector - agriculture, services, manufacturing. Protectionism is justified because development should be endogenous and not imposed with conditions.

Analyse wellness strategy at M&S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analyse wellness strategy at M&S - Essay Example Considering the case of Mark and Spencer (M & S) Company with many stores across the UK and 82, 000 employees, there is evidence the welfare of the employees is very important to ensure that the company grows. The company used to provide important service and meals to its employees to maintain their health. According to the company’s belief, a strong connection exists between employee welfare and the success of the business. Wellbeing is one of the things that impacts greatly on the employees’ engagement and the company’s productivity according to Arnold et al. (2010). The company gives health information to its employees through the companys website and advises them on lifestyle issues, and the employees’ wellbeing is on the top priority list. However, the company experienced a decline in sales and other technical challenges leading to losses. The company concentrated too much on the employees’ wellbeing regarding their health and nutrition and neglected other important areas such as employee performance in delivering the goods to the customers. Their understanding of the wellbeing was misplaced, as there are very many factors that constitute the wellbeing of employees other than just health. The problem could be due to less supervision of the employee especially in the online business on matters concerning distribution. The employees spent most of their time concentrating on their wellbeing and reading health matters on the internet rather that concentrating on the company’s activities. The retailer’s distribution centre at Castle Dominion, Leicestershire caused most of the delays and customers raised many complaints in the social media. The intervention by the company to the delivery problem was slo w showing that despite the company ensuring that the employees were comfortable; there was little employee engagement in various issues. The company focused so much on the physical, social, and psychological issues of the employees and less on

Organ Donation Essay Example for Free

Organ Donation Essay Problem Statement: The increase in organ donation results in it being sold as a means of gaining income for many persons in the Jamaican society. It results in the body being viewed as a utilitarian object rather than a metamorphic entity that people can call their own. The ways involved in obtaining organs for usage by medical researchers are inhumane with limited emphasis being placed on the effects the process have on members of the society. Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the social, economic and ethical issues associated with organ donation and to outline the different methods that could be implemented to regulate the extraction of organs from humans. Research Questions: What are the main economic, social and ethical implications of organ donation in the Jamaican society? Subsidiary Questions What are the different ways in which one may try to obtain organs for sale or scientific studies? What impact does the harvesting of organs have on economical developments in different countries? What are the implications of the uses of organs in the future of health care in Jamaica? Hypothesis: Organs donation accounts for: 1. An increase in the black market 2. exploitation of the human body and 3. leads to the misconception that once a donor gives an organ, the recipient of the organ will survive. Significance: The results obtained from the study will help to enhance information that will educate the public, future researchers and medical professionals about the ways to reduce the economic, social and ethical impacts of organ donation. Literature Review Organ donation is important in improving the quality and the quantity of life of individuals in need of organs in the society. However, the need for increase in organ donation is often affected by ethical, economic and social impacts associated with both the recipients and the donors of the organs. It is with this that an in-depth research was conducted to find out the ways involved in obtaining kidneys for medical usage and the effects the process may have on individuals within the society. Findings showed that once a more structured system is implemented to regulate organ donation, there will be an increase in the number of organs donated and a reduction in the impacts stated above. What is organ donation and what are the different ways in which one may try to obtain organs for sale or scientific studies? Wilkinson (2011) states that organ donation is the removal of tissues and organs with consent from owners or decision makers, such as family members, for the main purpose of transplanting them into other persons. She suggests the many routes in which persons may obtain organ from donors. These include buying it on the black market as it is the cheapest and easier route to go or it may be stolen from the body of deceased persons which poses the risk of exploitation leading to the development of ethical issues. She alludes to the point that the word â€Å"donation† suggests a willing gesture or that permission must be given to facilitate the process of acquiring the organ being transplanted. This is further supported by the fact that humans, before they die, may sign an agreement to have their body donated to medicine and therefore is subjected to organ extraction or even medical researching. Similarly to the views of Wilkinson, Andrews and Nelkins (2001) believes that it is morally incorrect for the body to be exploited by medical professionals and wealthy business men. They support the argument that before medical professionals can begin extracting organs for donation, they should first receive consent from patients and family members of the patients. This is however contradicted by Barnett and Kaserman (2006) who are of the opinion that once the benefit of extracting organs includes saving the life of individuals, it should never have to come down to a consent form to continue the procedure. They are not indicating that consent is not important, however, just by the fact that the patient has signed over all rights of his body to medical professionals to provide treatment and certain important diagnosis; it should not be a problem for organs to be extracted to carry out various studies to improve the quality and quantity of life. As stated by Herring (2002), there may two types of organ donors: living donors and deceased donors (brain dead). In order for the organs of the deceased to be used, there must be enough oxygen in the organ required to last for 18 hours. He is of the opinion that these organs should be acquired by signing of consent forms by family members or by the patient himself before death. When the patient is conscious, he should inform family members his plan to donate organs so as to prevent any disputes after his death. He sees the body as more than an entity that hosts organs. Rather, it is a part of a person’s persona and what makes them who they are. The body should be viewed as a patient one that still has rights and should still be respected. What impact does the harvesting of organs have on economical developments in Jamaica? Firstly, with an increase in the demand for organ donation, there poses strong economical problems amongst various persons involved in the above said situations. Due to its importance, organs are very expensive and may not be accessible by members of the poorer class (Kaserman, 2006). This is problematic as it may result in organs being acquired illegally. It is important to note that for any member of the society (generally that of the poorer class), an organ sale on the black market is much more cost effective than having medical personnel performing the extraction process. Furthermore, this may result in the exploitation of individuals exposed to the black market as professionals for example doctors and medical researchers also purchase kidneys and other organs from the black market, thereby drastically increasing the price of the organs once it reaches in a more formal setting (Wilkinson 2011). This act has created a link between both economic and legal issues as the black market has been deemed illegal in countries such as India, Canada and the United States. Serious consequences may also develop from being an active participant in the black market that could result in jail time or even the payment of fines much greater than that of what the kidneys were sold for. On a more important note, as stated by Taylor (2005), the problems associated with the development of the black market can be alleviated if a more structured system for selling and obtaining organs was implemented. It would help to increase the amount of people willing to donate kidneys and would allow for a cheaper and easily accessible market, making it more economically friendly to members of the poorer class. According to (Brezin 2010) â€Å"†¦if an incentive is given to donors, more organs may be given to the health centers to meet the demand of the organs required.† In other words, each time an individual donates an organ, he or she will be given money for the organ donated. Compensation accounts for hospital visits and follow up examinations, counseling and screen testing to see if the donor is physically and mentally fit, and surgery. However, while there may be an increase in the number of organs donated, it may begin to reduce any profit that might be made by the organizations due to the increase in incentives to compensate the donors. What are the implications of the uses of organs in of health care? According to Taylor (2005), â€Å"there have been numerous deaths due to the failure of organ transplant in patients because of the decrease in organ donation.† In countries such as China and the United States of America, the waiting list for organs is long and approximately 11 individuals die per day from the need of an organ. Even though organizations such as the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network have been put in place with the aim of educating people about the importance for organ donation, there is still a shortage of organs in the health care system. But why is this so? Organ donation may be beneficial for the recipient, but it often brings struggles to the donor. When organ transplant is successful, approximately 3.5 years is added to the life span of the recipient thus enabling him or her to live a normal and fulfilling life with hardly any complications Bainham (2002). This approximation has helped to relax the psycho-social of family members that were once with the struggle of obtaining organs for their loved ones. However, Andrew and Nelkins (2001) argues the fact that in the case of the live donor, the psychological aspect of dealing with surgery, medical visits and complications months after surgery is the contributing factor that may allow for them not participate in organ donation. More importantly, financial struggles associated with donating such as hospital visits, transportation and follow up examination is overwhelming as donors are often expected to take care of the cost of donation as the system is one which is voluntary. In the Jamaican context, Aaron (2009) supports the fact that establishing an organ and tissue bank will help to save lives and also improve on the quality of life. He elaborates on the point that despite its importance, many Jamaicans are still against the establishment of an organ bank due to cultural and religious reasons. Many Jamaicans are discouraged because of the long waiting list and the shortage of organs. Aaron questions the processes which will be implemented in selecting individuals who will be able to acquire organs and believes that acquiring organs should not be based on how much profit may be made, but rather form an altruistic perspective. Similarly, in an article found in the Gleaner (2000) entitled Organ Transplantation, it was discovered that more than 400 patients are awaiting kidney in the country. It also brings across the light that organs are in fact needed in Jamaica. Methodology The study will involve evaluating the social, economic and ethical issues associated with organ donation and outlining the different methods that could be implemented to regulate the extraction of organs from humans. This will be spearheaded by the following research questions: 1. What is organ donation and what are the different ways in which one may try to obtain organs for sale or scientific studies? 2. What impact does the harvesting of organs have on economical developments in Jamaica? 3. What are the implications of the uses of organs in of health care? The targeted population for this study is the Jamaican society due to the many issues that have prevented the steady transplantation of organs needed. Data collection methods will be from both primary and secondary sources. Data will be collected from the works of previous researchers such as published books and Newspaper articles. The main instrument to collect data will be through an interview with 5 medical professionals. The interview questions will be surrounded on the importance of organ donation and will consist of 8 structured questions. These questions will collectively be geared towards answering the research question. The research will take place over a 5 months period in which drafts of the literature review will be handed in, compile interview questions, administer the question and then analyse the data received. The limitation to this study is that not the entire Jamaican population can be studied and therefore only selected hospitals will be focused on.

Arab and Jewish Conflict Causes

Arab and Jewish Conflict Causes ABSTRACT The clash between Palestinian Arabs and Jews started around the turn of the twentieth century. Despite the fact that these two gatherings have distinctive religions (Palestinians incorporate Muslims, Christians and Druze), religious contrasts are not the reason for the clash. It is basically a battle over area. Until 1948, the region that both gatherings guaranteed was referred to globally as Palestine. Yet after the war of 1948-49, this area was partitioned into three sections: the state of Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan River) and the Gaza Strip (1). Jewishs claims to this area are focused around the scriptural guarantee to Abraham and his relatives, on the way that this was the chronicled site of the Jewish kingdom of Israel (which was decimated by the Roman Empire), and on Jews requirement for a sanctuary from European hostile to Semitism (2). Palestinian Arabs claims to the area are focused around nonstop habitation in the nation for several years and the way that they spo ke to the demographic dominant part. It depicts the â€Å"clash of civilizations† theory between the East which is still hanging to its historical inheritance and patrimony, and the West which uses its technological and scientific achievements to prove supremacy and legitimacy of spreading his values. Religiously, Jewish Islamic relations have historical roots, which stimulated several religious interpretations, later enhanced by ultra-Orthodox Zionist and Islamic extremists. In this project, I will try to evaluate the role of religion, nationalism and other forces which have triggered the conflict and look at the two prospective of this conflict. Tracing the history of the conflict In the late 19th Century, Jews and Palestinians both began to create a national cognizance and prepared to attain national objectives. Since Jews were spread over the world, the Jewish national development, or Zionist pattern, looked to distinguish a spot where Jews could meet up through the procedure of migration and settlement. In 1897, the first Zionist congress took place at Basle. Its aim was to discuss the ideas of Theodor Herzls 1896 book Der Judenstaat. Later, Basle program was established which supposed to establish a home for the Jews in Palestine Until the start of the twentieth century, most Jews living in Palestine were living in four urban communities with religious hugeness: Jerusalem, Safed, Tiberias and Hebron. The greater part of them watched conventional, standard religious practices. Numerous invested their time considering religious messages and relied on upon the philanthropy of world Jewry for survival. Their connection to the area was religious not national, and they were not included in the Zionist development that started in Europe and were brought to Palestine by migration. Till the start of World War I, Jew population had risen to 60,000. In 1916 the British Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, had guaranteed the Arabs post-war autonomy for previous Ottoman Arab regions. On the other hand, Sykes-Picot Agreement Britain and France isolated the district under their joint control. In 1917, the British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour conferred Britain to help the foundation in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish individuals, in a letter to leading Zionist Lord Rothschild. It got to be known as the Balfour Declaration. Arabs were incensed by Britains inability to satisfy its guarantee to make an autonomous Arab state, and numerous restricted British and French controls as an infringement of Arabs entitlement to determination toward oneself. In Palestine, the circumstances were more convoluted due to the British guarantee to backing the formation of a Jewish national home. The increasing European Jewish migration and settlement in Palestine created expanding safety by Palestinian laborers, writers and political figures. They expected that the increase of Jews would lead inevitably to the stronghold of a Jewish state in Palestine. Palestinian Arabs were against the British Mandate in light of the fact that it foiled their aspirations for their rule, and they restricted huge Jewish movement on the grounds that it undermined their position in the nation. In the next 15 years, there was huge influx of Jewish population and around 1 million Jews were living in Palestine in 1936. During this time militant Zionist group Irgun Zvai Leumi carried many attacks on the Palestinian to liberate Palestine and Transjordan using force. In 1937, Lord Peel recommended partitioning of Palestine into Jewish state and Arab state. However it received huge opposition from the Arab representatives. In 1947, Britain which was ruling Palestine since 1920, handed over the matter to United Nations (UN). UN setup a committee which recommended splitting the nation into two parts, Jewish and Arab nations. The plan gave 56.57% land to the one-third of the population of Jews and 43.43% land to the two-third population of Muslims. On 29th November, 1947, 33 members voted for the plan, 13 voted against it and 10 abstained from voting process. However this plan was refused by the Arab representatives. On 14th May 1948, the first Jewish state, State of Israel was proclaimed. The declaration came into effect the next day as the British troops withdrew Soon after the independence, five Arab states attacked Israel including, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Palestine. However due to better military organization and skills, Israel was able to ward off the attack successfully. In 1949, the war between Israel and the Arab states finished with the consent to peace negotiation arrangements. The nation once known as Palestine was currently isolated into three sections, each under an alternate political administration. The limits between them were the 1949 armistice lines (the Green Line). The State of Israel incorporated in excess of 77 percent of the domain. Jordan occupied East Jerusalem and the hill county of the West Bank. Egypt took control of the seaside plain around the city of Gaza (the Gaza Strip). However the tension didn’t finish here. In 1967, The Six Day War took place as a result of mounting tension between the Arab state and Israel. Israel seized Gaza and the Sinai from Egypt in the south and the Golan Heights from Syria in the north. It pushed Jordanian out of the West Bank and East Jerusalem. It also increased the area under Israel’s control as it increased to two times it had previously. Another war took place in 1973, known as the Yom Kippur war. It caused a lot of casualty on both sides and USA and USSR had to intervene to bring the ceasefire agreement. 1970’s saw the rise of Yasser Arafat who led PLO and carried out many attacks, most notably the Munich Olympics in which 11 Israeli athletes were killed. However during the same period, a right wing emerged in Israel which joined hands with Egypt as the Egypt president Anwar Sadat came to Israel in 1977. Israel also returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt that it had seized in 1967 war. In 1983, massacre of hundreds of Palestine refugees by Phalangist, ally of Israelis, was a great shame for the Israeli government. Ariel Sharon, the then defense minister had to resign from his post as inquiry proved that he was unable to avert the massacre. This massacre resulted in Palestinian intifada which started in 1987 against Israeli occupation of land. However a ray of peace was appeared in 1993 when Rabin and Yasser Arafatshook hand at the White house. Since then, various attempts to maintain peace have been made but they have proven to be futile as the extremists have tried to disrupt the peace. In recent occurring, unusually horrific murders of four young men in Hebron and Jerusalem strained the realtion between Israel and Palestine, after which Israel responded violently and bombing in gaza which resulted in deaths of many innocent lives. Concluding with the background of the conflict, the main reason for the conflict appears to be the control over land. However, the conflict over land is not because of controlling the resources or its uses but the religious importance that it carries for both the sects, Jews and Muslims. RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM Religious nationalism as talk and social development is regularly seen as an occurrence of societys self-governance as a wellspring of personality and evaluate, a self-governance showed in the shaping of politicized religious gatherings. It is a slip-up to start an examination of religious nationalism through the social gatherings forming it. From this perspective, religious nationalism turns into a development to safeguard a specific type of gathering character, contrast considered as traits of persons, much the same as that of racial, sexual orientation, sexual or etymological gatherings who dispatch developments to attest or guard their disposition before or from the general publics predominant gathering, here an instrument by which religious individuals secure participation in the political group or distinguishment in people in general circle. Religious nationalism could be seen as one among the panoply of the obviously new social developments, guarding way of life instead of seeking after investment, a substitute or a stand-in for the redistributive material governmental issues of class. Alternately it might be seen as a social refraction, or intercession, of underlying social grievances. These castings of politicized religion are both prefaced on recognizing the social as an instrumental distributional arrangement of things from the social as an expressive arrangement of signs, on understanding the economy as a material institutional request, the paragon of the social, while common society is a typical institutional request, the paragon of the social. Religious nationalism has no political-monetary import; it is an end in itself. Religious nationalism is both social and social. Religious nationalisms are vivified by a family show; they all middle their savage energies on the family, its sensual energies, its gendered request. This is on the grounds that the institutional rationale of religion fixates on the request of creation, finding human- ness in the universe, duplicating cosmology through custom, a reasonable mysticism that fundamentally focuses before life and after death. To decipher religious nationalism, we must tag the significance of nationalism. Nationalism is a state-focused type of aggregate subject development, a manifestation of state representation, one establishing the personality and authenticity of the state in a populace of people who occupy a domain limited by that state. The social shared traits of that populace dont, in themselves, constitute the premise for the creation of a country. Nationality is an unexpected and challenged case, not a social certainty (Brubaker 2000, Smith 1991). Nationalism, the political courses of action composed through the state for the sake of the country, makes the country, not the opposite (Calhoun 1998). Nationalism is a system for the co-constitution of the state and the regionally limited populace in whose name it talks. Nationalism is not philosophy. It is a digressive practice by which the regional personality of a state and the social character of the individuals whose aggregate representation it cl aims are constituted as a solitary institutional reality. Religious nationalism does not change the type of aggregate representation, just its substance, privileging a premise of personality and a paradigm of judgment which cant not be picked. The religious foundation of judgment is, similar to human rights, racial immaculateness, or specialized levelheadedness, past the span of prominent voice or the convincing diversions of the state Religious nationalist constantly focus their energies on the country states in which they live. Indeed activist Islamicists, who have a memorable transnational regional ambit, to be sure a general perfect, and the air conditioner tual custom of the caliphate whereupon to draw, just about all try to make an Islamic request inside the existent country state. In the event that nationalism does not give a determinate premise of aggregate personality, not one or the other do specific manifestations of religion give a determinate premise of legislative issues. Religious nationalism is a type of politicized religion, one in which religion is the premise of political judgment and character, for sure in which governmental issues tackle the nature of a religious commitment. Religious nationalist all read religious messages politically. While it is positively printed, religious nationalism is not inalienably more literalist in its application of its holy messages, nor more absolutist in its ontologies and good objectives, that is, than its common equivalents-communism, majority rule government, nationalism, and modem science, to take four illustrations each of which deliver their own particular hallowed writings, their sacred qualities. To talk about religions section into the general population circle essentially as a manifestation of fundamenta lism is to redirect consideration from the social specificity of its institutional duties. Each religious group, not simply politicized ones, makes specific utilization of their literary custom, tailor their elucidations to the current workload. It is impractical to recognize politicized religious developments from non-politicized ones focused around the degree to which they take after the basics, themselves simply a specific development. The religious distinction between endeavors by Hindus or Jews to control specific bits of challenged region and comparable endeavors by Muslims or American Christians, who are incorporated in the fundamentalist classification, to control the domains they as of now possess escapes me. Both of these fundamentalists look to utilize state force to control components of regional choreography-work hours, film, sustenance consumption, dress-basing their rights to do so in religious cosmology. Religious nationalism represents the return to text, to the fixity of signs, the renarrativization of the nation in a cosmic context. It returns us to bodies and souls, a zone to be defended against things on the one side and beasts on the other. Religious nationalism is literally about reading, the collective plumbing of a text for its timeless truths, as a basis for the narration of contemporary history. Islamic fundamentalists look to the Quranic history of the community founded by Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century as a template by which to gauge and goad the present order. Their Jewish counterparts locate their foundation and telos in the ancient Temple-centered kingdom that was the culmination of Gods territorial promise to Abraham, Moses, and David documented in the Torah. RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM IN ISRAEL Israel has a long history of consolidating religious advancements in its political structure; Jewish religious nationalists, ultraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ orthodox Jewish political improvements, and Islamists have all participated in choosing administrative issues to moving degrees. We focus on the effects of the joining of the religious nationalists for different accurate and methodological reasons (which we inspect underneath). Not in any way like ultraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ orthodox Jewry, which for the most part contemplated the Zionist reach out as strange, by the 1930s, the staggering strain inside religious Zionism saw the Zionist stretch out as having significant religious and messianic basics. In like manner, religious Zionism, while holding quick to the conviction that the spot where there is Israel was divinely ensured to the Jewish people, in the meantime favored the state of Israel as the Start of the Redemption and as the harbinger of the Messiah. It envisioned the state as the stage of Gods throne and favored its strongholds, especially the military. The blessedness of the state of Israel was seen as an ontological standard, withdrew from either the individual dedication of its inhabitants or the exercises of its pioneers. Thusly, when considering the probability of provincial concessions, it possessed with a modifying test between two religious targets the estimation of the region and the estimation of the state. In practical terms, this intimated that the relative moderates inside religious Zionism could help territorial concessions if these were seen to benefit the state of Israel. Without a doubt, headed by this wing of the advancement, the National Religious Party (NRP) did so when they underpinned Israels withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip in 1957. While these religious loyalists are still hawkish diverged from the general Israeli masses, the way that they partake in this changing test makes them reasonably administer appeared differently in relation to the radical wing of Jewish religious patriotism. Reflecting the gift of the state likewise especially of the military, one of its pioneers battled that the people who participate in violence against state associations are debasing the name of religious Zionism. They are debasing the weave kippa [skullcap (a picture of religious Zionism)]. Whoever tosses stones at IDF (Israeli Defense Energy) troopers, judgments and wars against the state of Israel is not piece of religious Zionism. The Jewish Home Party adjusted a potential union with the National Union Party on the lates renouncement of any brutality against state establishments and of any affiliation that judgments and puts down the estimation of IDF officers and of the establishments of the state of Israel (the national tune of dedication, the picture of the state, the flag of the state, recognition additionally flexibility days, and the parliamentary and legitimate skeletons). The primary lesson from the knowledge of the Israeli religious patriot development is that the same fundamental instruments (intraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ party rivalry and the outer political setting) that are expected to prompt balance by the IMH can likewise prompt radicalization, and that such radicalization can happen even in completely democratic contexts.

Essay --

Joshua Coatsworth Dr. Renshaw IL 2928 February 14, 2014 Forest Grove School District vs. T.A. (2009) Background T.A. (protected as a minor) attended Forest Grove School District in Oregon, from kindergarten through his junior year in high school. During his junior year he was removed by his family and was enrolled at Mount Bachelor Academy. The family believed that the majority of his problems involved learning deficits and an inability to focus. They helped him complete the majority of his schoolwork due to difficulty with work and the inability to focus in class. During his public schooling he was only evaluated for a learning disability even though the school suspected that he had ADHD. The district concluded that T.A. was not eligible for services because he did not have a learning disability under IDEA. Although they suspected he had ADHD and may have qualified for services under Section 504, they never pursued it. T.A’s mother contacted school officials many times insisting that her son was having difficulties in school. They said that further testing would be useless as they felt it would not reveal anything that he was not already evaluated for. The district proceeded by offering no additional assistance. He soon fell further behind and experimented with drug use. T.A’s parents hired a private psychologist who later diagnosed T.A. with depression, ADHD, drug abuse, and a learning disability in mathematics. At this point, his parents removed him from Forest Grove School District and enrolled him at Mount Bachelor Academy, which focused on students with disabilities. T.A’s parents obtained legal representation, which under IDEA requested a hearing to demand that, the school district follow-up with an evaluatio... ...e school district. The support for reimbursement was present but differential review barred them from receiving reimbursement. Works Cited "Forest Grove School District vs. TA." The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. N.p.. Web. 2 Mar 2014. . "Forest Grove School District vs. TA." Cornell University of Law. N.p.. Web. 2 Mar 2014. . Wrights, Peter. "Supreme Court Issues Pro-Child Decision in Forest Grove School District v. T.A. by Peter Wright, Esq. and Pamela Wright, MA, MSW ." Wrightslaw. N.p., 02 06 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2014. . Zirkel, Perry. "Tuition Reimbursement for Special Education Students." Future of Children. N.p.. Web. 2 Mar 2014. .